Safety Analysis – Real-time Systems MCQs

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1. What is the primary goal of safety analysis in real-time systems?
(A) Improve system performance
(B) Identify and prevent hazardous conditions
(C) Reduce development cost
(D) Increase system speed

2. Safety analysis mainly focuses on:
(A) Functional requirements
(B) Prevention of system failures
(C) User interface design
(D) Code optimization

3. Which term refers to a potential source of harm?
(A) Fault
(B) Failure
(C) Error
(D) Hazard

4. What is a safety-critical real-time system?
(A) System with high performance needs
(B) System used only for testing
(C) System with complex software
(D) System where failure can cause harm

5. Which analysis identifies possible ways a system can fail?
(A) Performance analysis
(B) Scheduling analysis
(C) Failure Mode and Effects Analysis
(D) Load analysis

6. FMEA stands for:
(A) Failure Mode and Effects Analysis
(B) Fault Management and Error Analysis
(C) Functional Model Error Assessment
(D) Failure Monitoring and Evaluation Approach

7. Which technique starts from a top-level hazard and works downward?
(A) FMEA
(B) Fault Tree Analysis
(C) HAZOP
(D) Reliability testing

8. What is Fault Tree Analysis mainly used for?
(A) Identifying causes of system hazards
(B) Performance tuning
(C) Code optimization
(D) Task scheduling

9. Which term describes deviation from correct service?
(A) Failure
(B) Fault
(C) Error
(D) Hazard

10. What is a fault in safety analysis?
(A) Incorrect internal state
(B) External specification
(C) Cause of an error
(D) System output

11. Which safety analysis method is inductive?
(A) Fault Tree Analysis
(B) Hazard analysis
(C) FMEA
(D) Event Tree Analysis

12. Which safety technique is deductive?
(A) FMEA
(B) Fault Tree Analysis
(C) Scheduling analysis
(D) Code review

13. Which standard is widely used for functional safety?
(A) ISO 9001
(B) IEEE 802.11
(C) IEC 61508
(D) ITIL

14. What does SIL stand for in safety standards?
(A) System Integrity Level
(B) Safety Integrity Level
(C) Software Integrity Level
(D) Safety Implementation Level

15. Which SIL represents the highest safety requirement?
(A) SIL 1
(B) SIL 4
(C) SIL 3
(D) SIL 2

16. Which real-time system often requires rigorous safety analysis?
(A) Airbag control system
(B) Word processor
(C) Media player
(D) Text editor

17. What is the purpose of hazard identification?
(A) Improve speed
(B) Optimize memory
(C) Detect possible dangerous situations
(D) Reduce power usage

18. Which technique examines system operation deviations?
(A) Fault Tree Analysis
(B) FMEA
(C) HAZOP
(D) Reliability analysis

19. HAZOP stands for:
(A) Hazard and Operation Procedure
(B) High Availability Operational Plan
(C) Hazard Analysis of Processes
(D) Hazard and Operability Study

20. Which analysis evaluates the effects of failures?
(A) Scheduling analysis
(B) Load testing
(C) FMEA
(D) Stress testing

21. What is risk in safety analysis?
(A) Fault occurrence
(B) Hazard severity combined with probability
(C) System complexity
(D) Number of states

22. Which safety measure reduces the probability of failure?
(A) Debugging
(B) Scheduling
(C) Redundancy
(D) Logging

23. Which concept ensures system continues operating after a fault?
(A) Reliability
(B) Fault tolerance
(C) Availability
(D) Maintainability

24. Which safety property ensures no catastrophic failure occurs?
(A) Liveness
(B) Fairness
(C) Safety
(D) Timeliness

25. Which technique models sequences of events after a failure?
(A) Event Tree Analysis
(B) Fault Tree Analysis
(C) FMEA
(D) Hazard analysis

26. What is a safety requirement?
(A) Constraint to prevent hazards
(B) Functional specification
(C) Performance constraint
(D) Design pattern

27. Which factor affects risk level?
(A) Code size
(B) Programming language
(C) Variable naming
(D) Hazard severity

28. Which safety analysis is performed early in design?
(A) Testing
(B) Debugging
(C) Hazard analysis
(D) Maintenance

29. Which real-time constraint is critical for safety?
(A) Average response time
(B) Worst-case execution time
(C) Code readability
(D) Memory usage

30. Which analysis identifies minimal cut sets?
(A) FMEA
(B) Fault Tree Analysis
(C) HAZOP
(D) Reliability analysis

31. Which method assesses operational hazards?
(A) FMEA
(B) HAZOP
(C) Event Tree Analysis
(D) Load testing

32. Which property ensures tasks complete safely within deadlines?
(A) Liveness
(B) Timeliness
(C) Safety
(D) Reliability

33. Which safety mechanism duplicates components?
(A) Scheduling
(B) Logging
(C) Monitoring
(D) Redundancy

34. Which analysis evaluates system reliability quantitatively?
(A) Qualitative analysis
(B) Probabilistic safety analysis
(C) Hazard identification
(D) Code review

35. Which safety-related failure occurs when output is incorrect?
(A) Omission failure
(B) Crash failure
(C) Timing failure
(D) Commission failure

36. Which failure occurs when output is too late?
(A) Value failure
(B) Omission failure
(C) Timing failure
(D) Commission failure

37. Which safety approach prevents hazards by design?
(A) Corrective maintenance
(B) Debugging
(C) Post-failure analysis
(D) Safety by design

38. Which safety verification checks system behavior formally?
(A) Testing
(B) Simulation
(C) Monitoring
(D) Formal verification

39. Which metric measures failure likelihood?
(A) Probability
(B) Risk
(C) Severity
(D) Reliability

40. Which concept ensures system recovers from failures?
(A) Safety
(B) Maintainability
(C) Reliability
(D) Fault tolerance

41. Which real-time system standard applies to automotive safety?
(A) IEC 61508
(B) ISO 26262
(C) DO-178C
(D) HIPAA

42. Which standard is used for avionics safety?
(A) DO-178C
(B) IEC 61508
(C) ISO 9001
(D) PCI DSS

43. Which technique analyzes effects after an initiating event?
(A) FMEA
(B) Fault Tree Analysis
(C) Event Tree Analysis
(D) HAZOP

44. Which property ensures system avoids unsafe states?
(A) Liveness
(B) Safety
(C) Fairness
(D) Availability

45. Which safety analysis uses guide words?
(A) FMEA
(B) Fault Tree Analysis
(C) HAZOP
(D) Event Tree Analysis

46. Which real-time aspect is crucial for safety certification?
(A) Code formatting
(B) Average speed
(C) Worst-case timing analysis
(D) User interface

47. Which concept ensures system performs correctly over time?
(A) Maintainability
(B) Safety
(C) Availability
(D) Reliability

48. Which document defines acceptable risk levels?
(A) Safety case
(B) User manual
(C) Source code
(D) Test plan

49. Which technique identifies hazards due to human interaction?
(A) FMEA
(B) Human reliability analysis
(C) HAZOP
(D) Fault Tree Analysis

50. Safety analysis in real-time systems aims to:
(A) Eliminate or control hazards
(B) Maximize performance
(C) Reduce code size
(D) Improve aesthetics