Horizontal fragmentation, Vertical fragmentation in distributed database DDBS

Horizontal fragmentation, Vertical fragmentation in distributed database DDBS

In this tutorial, we will try to learn the followings;

  1. Distributed Database
  2. Horizontal fragmentation
  3. Vertical fragmentation in distributed database DDBS

Distributed Database

Distributed Database is a collection of many logically connected databases and all these databases are located in different locations with the help of any computer network. But the interesting thing is that when we provide the view to the user then it is completely transparent and the user is blind to see that generated view fetches the data from different databases.

Distributed Database Management System DDBMS

DDBMS is a software that is used to implement and manage the distributed databases.

Promises of DDBSs

  1. Transparency of Distributed Data

Data is distributed in different locations on different servers and only a single view of multiple databases is provided to the user. It means that all this distributed mechanism is transparent or hidden from the user. User can’t guess that data is coming from where.

  1. Data Independence

Data definition of databases occurs at two different levels. One is physical level and another is the logical level.

Physical Level – The Physical structure of the data is specified in the physical level. Sometimes it is named as the physical layer.

Logical Level – The Logical structure of the data is specified in the logical level. Sometimes it is named as a logical layer.

When we specify the physical and logical structure of the data, then it means that we are defining the database schema. Schema definition is also referred to as physical data description.

Data independence is also categorized into physical data independence and logical data independence.

Logical data independence –

Logical data independence means that any change in the logical schema has no effect on the external schema of the database.

Physical data independence – Physical data independence means that any change in the physical schema has no effect on the logical schema of the database.

External data independence – It is always independent because there is no level above this level.

  1. Network transparency:

Network transparency is a process of hiding the operational details of all the network from the user. Two common transparencies are location transparency and naming transparency.

  1. Replication Transparency:

Same data copies are available on different servers. If user query the database and database is unable to answer the query from one server, then it transfers this query to another distributed database located on a different location. All this mechanism is transparent to the user. The user is unaware that from where the data is fetched.

  1. Fragmentation transparency

In Distributed database systems, data is fetched by creating different fragments of the database tables. In fragmentation transparency, the user is unaware of these fragments.

There are two basic types of fragmentation.

Horizontal fragmentation and vertical fragmentation are used to create the fragments of the tables.

Horizontal fragmentation – In horizontal fragmentation, we use the tuple (rows ) to divide the database into fragments.

Vertical fragmentation – In vertical fragmentation, we use the attributes (column ) to divide the database into fragments.

RollNo Marks Class
ABC101 44 MCS
ABC102 33 MSCS
ABC103 88 BSIT

Table 1: Exam

RollNo Marks Class
ABC101 44 MCS
ABC103   88 BSIT
         

Table 2: Horizontal fragmentation

RollNo Class
ABC101 MCS
ABC102 MSCS
ABC103 BSIT

Table 3: Vertical fragmentation

Topic Covered

Horizontal fragmentation, Vertical fragmentation in distributed database DDBS.

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