he chemical formula for the hydroxide ion is OH–
Physical Properties:
Physical Property |
Details |
State |
Solid, liquid, or gas depending on the metal |
Color |
Varies depending on the metal; usually white or off-white |
Odor |
Odorless |
Melting Point |
Varies depending on the metal |
Boiling Point |
Varies depending on the metal |
Solubility |
Generally soluble in water |
Density |
Varies depending on the metal |
Chemical Properties:
Chemical Property |
Details |
Alkalinity |
Hydroxides contribute to the alkalinity of a solution |
Basicity |
Hydroxides are bases and can neutralize acids |
Hydration |
Hydroxides can undergo hydration reactions, forming hydrated compounds |
Reactivity with Acids |
Hydroxides react with acids to form water and salts |
Reactivity with Amphoteric Oxides |
Hydroxides react with amphoteric oxides to form salts and water |
Reactivity with Metals |
Some hydroxides can react with certain metals, displacing hydrogen gas |
Reaction of hydroxide with Alkali Metal
Alkali Metal |
|
Reaction |
Lithium (Li) |
|
2LiOH + WATER react and convert into Li₂O + 2 ( WATER MOLECULE) |
Sodium (Na) |
|
2NaOH + WATER react and convert into Na₂O + 2 ( WATER MOLECULE) |
Potassium (K) |
|
2KOH + WATER react and convert into K₂O + 2 ( WATER MOLECULE) |
Rubidium (Rb) |
|
2RbOH + WATER react and convert into Rb₂O + 2 ( WATER MOLECULE) |
Cesium (Cs) |
|
2CsOH + WATER react and convert into Cs₂O + 2 ( WATER MOLECULE) |
Francium (Fr) |
|
rare reaction |
Reaction of hydroxide with Alkaline Earth Metal
Alkaline Earth Metal |
|
Reaction |
Beryllium (Be) |
|
Be(OH)₂ + 2 WATER react and convert into Be(OH)₂ + 2 ( WATER MOLECULE) |
Magnesium (Mg) |
|
Mg(OH)₂ + 2 WATER react and convert into Mg(OH)₂ + 2 ( WATER MOLECULE) |
Calcium (Ca) |
|
Ca(OH)₂ + 2 WATER react and convert into Ca(OH)₂ + 2 ( WATER MOLECULE) |
Strontium (Sr) |
|
Sr(OH)₂ + 2 WATER react and convert into Sr(OH)₂ + 2 ( WATER MOLECULE) |
Barium (Ba) |
|
Ba(OH)₂ + 2 WATER react and convert into Ba(OH)₂ + 2 ( WATER MOLECULE) |
Radium (Ra) |
|
Ra(OH)₂ + 2 WATER react and convert into Ra(OH)₂ + 2 ( WATER MOLECULE) |
Reaction of hydroxide with Transition Metal
Transition Metal |
|
Reaction |
Iron (Fe) |
|
Fe(OH)₂ + WATER react and convert into FeO + 2 ( WATER MOLECULE) |
Copper (Cu) |
|
Cu(OH)₂ + WATER react and convert into CuO + 2 ( WATER MOLECULE) |
Zinc (Zn) |
|
Zn(OH)₂ + 2 WATER react and convert into Zn(OH)₄²⁻ + 2H⁺ |
Silver (Ag) |
|
AgOH + WATER react and convert into AgO + 2 ( WATER MOLECULE) |
Platinum (Pt) |
|
Pt(OH)₄ + 2 WATER react and convert into PtO₂ + 4 ( WATER MOLECULE) |
Gold (Au) |
|
Au(OH)₃ + 3 WATER react and convert into AuO(OH) + 4 ( WATER MOLECULE) |
Nickel (Ni) |
|
Ni(OH)₂ + WATER react and convert into NiO + 2 ( WATER MOLECULE) |
Chromium (Cr) |
|
Cr(OH)₃ + WATER react and convert into CrO(OH)₂ + 2 ( WATER MOLECULE) |
Manganese (Mn) |
|
Mn(OH)₂ + WATER react and convert into MnO(OH) + 2 ( WATER MOLECULE) |
Cobalt (Co) |
|
Co(OH)₂ + H₂ |
Reaction of hydroxide with Non-Transition Metal
Non-Transition Metal |
|
Reaction |
Aluminum (Al) |
|
Al(OH)₃ + 3 WATER react and convert into Al(OH)₄⁻ + 3H⁺ |
Magnesium (Mg) |
|
Mg(OH)₂ + 2 WATER react and convert into Mg(OH)₄²⁻ + 2H⁺ |
Calcium (Ca) |
|
Ca(OH)₂ + 2 WATER react and convert into Ca(OH)₄²⁻ + 2H⁺ |
Sodium (Na) |
|
NaOH + WATER react and convert into Na⁺ + (HYDROXEL ION) |
Potassium (K) |
|
KOH + WATER react and convert into K⁺ + (HYDROXEL ION) |
Lithium (Li) |
|
LiOH + WATER react and convert into Li⁺ + (HYDROXEL ION) |
Beryllium (Be) |
|
Be(OH)₂ + 2 WATER react and convert into Be(OH)₄ |
Reaction of hydroxide with Metalloid
Metalloid |
|
Reaction |
Boron (B) |
|
B(OH)₃ + 3 WATER react and convert into B(OH)₄⁻ + 3H⁺ |
Silicon (Si) |
|
Si(OH)₄ + 4 WATER react and convert into Si(OH)₆²⁻ + 4H⁺ |
Germanium (Ge) |
|
Ge(OH)₄ + 4 WATER react and convert into Ge(OH)₆²⁻ + 4H⁺ |
Arsenic (As) |
|
As(OH)₃ + 3 WATER react and convert into AsO(OH)₃ + 3H⁺ (or) As(OH)₅ + 5 WATER react and convert into H₂AsO₄ + 5H⁺ |
Antimony (Sb) |
|
Sb(OH)₃ + 3 WATER react and convert into Sb(OH)₆⁻ + 3H⁺ |
Tellurium (Te) |
|
Te(OH)₆²⁻ + 6 ( HYDROGEN ION) react and convert into H₂TeO₆ + 6 ( WATER MOLECULE) |
Reaction of hydroxide with Lanthanide
Lanthanide |
|
Reaction |
Lanthanum (La) |
|
La(OH)₃ + 3 WATER react and convert into La(OH)₄⁻ + 3H⁺ |
Cerium (Ce) |
|
Ce(OH)₃ + 3 WATER react and convert into Ce(OH)₄⁻ + 3H⁺ |
Praseodymium (Pr) |
|
Pr(OH)₃ + 3 WATER react and convert into Pr(OH)₄⁻ + 3H⁺ |
Neodymium (Nd) |
|
Nd(OH)₃ + 3 WATER react and convert into Nd(OH)₄⁻ + 3H⁺ |
Promethium (Pm) |
|
Pm(OH)₃ + 3 WATER react and convert into Pm(OH)₄⁻ + 3H⁺ |
Samarium (Sm) |
|
Sm(OH)₃ + 3 WATER react and convert into Sm(OH)₄⁻ + 3H⁺ |
Europium (Eu) |
|
Eu(OH)₃ + 3 WATER react and convert into Eu(OH |
Reaction of hydroxide with Actinide
Actinide |
|
Reaction |
Actinium (Ac) |
|
Ac(OH)₃ + 3 WATER react and convert into Ac(OH)₄⁻ + 3H⁺ |
Thorium (Th) |
|
Th(OH)₄ + 4 WATER react and convert into Th(OH)₈²⁻ + 4H⁺ |
Uranium (U) |
|
U(OH)₄ + 4 WATER react and convert into U(OH)₈²⁻ + 4H⁺ |
Neptunium (Np) |
|
Np(OH)₄ + 4 WATER react and convert into Np(OH)₈²⁻ + 4H⁺ |
Plutonium (Pu) |
|
Pu(OH)₄ + 4 WATER react and convert into Pu(OH)₈²⁻ + 4H⁺ |
Americium (Am) |
|
Am(OH)₃ + 3 WATER react and convert into Am(OH)₄⁻ + 3H⁺ (or) Am(OH)₄ + 4 WATER react and convert into Am(OH)₈²⁻ + 4H⁺ |
Curium (Cm) |
|
Cm(OH)₃ + 3 WATER react and convert into Cm(OH)₄⁻ + 3H⁺ (or) Cm(OH)₄ + 4 WATER react and convert into Cm(OH)₈²⁻ + 4H⁺ |
Californium (Cf) |
|
Cf(OH)₃ + 3 WATER react and convert into Cf(OH)₄⁻ + 3H⁺ (or) Cf(OH) |
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