Hydroxide [Chemical formula, Physical, Chemical Properties and Reactions]

By: Prof. Dr. Fazal Rehman | Last updated: February 3, 2024

he chemical formula for the hydroxide ion is OH–

Physical Properties:

Physical Property Details
State Solid, liquid, or gas depending on the metal
Color Varies depending on the metal; usually white or off-white
Odor Odorless
Melting Point Varies depending on the metal
Boiling Point Varies depending on the metal
Solubility Generally soluble in water
Density Varies depending on the metal

Chemical Properties:

Chemical Property Details
Alkalinity Hydroxides contribute to the alkalinity of a solution
Basicity Hydroxides are bases and can neutralize acids
Hydration Hydroxides can undergo hydration reactions, forming hydrated compounds
Reactivity with Acids Hydroxides react with acids to form water and salts
Reactivity with Amphoteric Oxides Hydroxides react with amphoteric oxides to form salts and water
Reactivity with Metals Some hydroxides can react with certain metals, displacing hydrogen gas

Reaction of hydroxide with Alkali Metal

Alkali Metal   Reaction
Lithium (Li)   2LiOH +    WATER  react and convert into  Li₂O + 2 ( WATER MOLECULE)
Sodium (Na)   2NaOH +    WATER  react and convert into  Na₂O + 2 ( WATER MOLECULE)
Potassium (K)   2KOH +    WATER  react and convert into  K₂O + 2 ( WATER MOLECULE)
Rubidium (Rb)   2RbOH +    WATER  react and convert into  Rb₂O + 2 ( WATER MOLECULE)
Cesium (Cs)   2CsOH +    WATER  react and convert into  Cs₂O + 2 ( WATER MOLECULE)
Francium (Fr)     rare reaction

Reaction of hydroxide with Alkaline Earth Metal

Alkaline Earth Metal   Reaction
Beryllium (Be)   Be(OH)₂ + 2   WATER  react and convert into  Be(OH)₂ + 2 ( WATER MOLECULE)
Magnesium (Mg)   Mg(OH)₂ + 2   WATER  react and convert into  Mg(OH)₂ + 2 ( WATER MOLECULE)
Calcium (Ca)   Ca(OH)₂ + 2   WATER  react and convert into  Ca(OH)₂ + 2 ( WATER MOLECULE)
Strontium (Sr)   Sr(OH)₂ + 2   WATER  react and convert into  Sr(OH)₂ + 2 ( WATER MOLECULE)
Barium (Ba)   Ba(OH)₂ + 2   WATER  react and convert into  Ba(OH)₂ + 2 ( WATER MOLECULE)
Radium (Ra)   Ra(OH)₂ + 2   WATER  react and convert into  Ra(OH)₂ + 2 ( WATER MOLECULE)

Reaction of hydroxide with Transition Metal

Transition Metal   Reaction
Iron (Fe)   Fe(OH)₂ +    WATER  react and convert into  FeO + 2 ( WATER MOLECULE)
Copper (Cu)   Cu(OH)₂ +    WATER  react and convert into  CuO + 2 ( WATER MOLECULE)
Zinc (Zn)   Zn(OH)₂ + 2   WATER  react and convert into  Zn(OH)₄²⁻ + 2H⁺
Silver (Ag)   AgOH +    WATER  react and convert into  AgO + 2 ( WATER MOLECULE)
Platinum (Pt)   Pt(OH)₄ + 2   WATER  react and convert into  PtO₂ + 4 ( WATER MOLECULE)
Gold (Au)   Au(OH)₃ + 3   WATER  react and convert into  AuO(OH) + 4 ( WATER MOLECULE)
Nickel (Ni)   Ni(OH)₂ +    WATER  react and convert into  NiO + 2 ( WATER MOLECULE)
Chromium (Cr)   Cr(OH)₃ +    WATER  react and convert into  CrO(OH)₂ + 2 ( WATER MOLECULE)
Manganese (Mn)   Mn(OH)₂ +    WATER  react and convert into  MnO(OH) + 2 ( WATER MOLECULE)
Cobalt (Co)   Co(OH)₂ + H₂

Reaction of hydroxide with Non-Transition Metal

Non-Transition Metal   Reaction
Aluminum (Al)   Al(OH)₃ + 3   WATER  react and convert into  Al(OH)₄⁻ + 3H⁺
Magnesium (Mg)   Mg(OH)₂ + 2   WATER  react and convert into  Mg(OH)₄²⁻ + 2H⁺
Calcium (Ca)   Ca(OH)₂ + 2   WATER  react and convert into  Ca(OH)₄²⁻ + 2H⁺
Sodium (Na)   NaOH +    WATER  react and convert into  Na⁺ +  (HYDROXEL  ION)
Potassium (K)   KOH +    WATER  react and convert into  K⁺ +  (HYDROXEL  ION)
Lithium (Li)   LiOH +    WATER  react and convert into  Li⁺ +  (HYDROXEL  ION)
Beryllium (Be)   Be(OH)₂ + 2   WATER  react and convert into  Be(OH)₄

Reaction of hydroxide with Metalloid

Metalloid   Reaction
Boron (B)   B(OH)₃ + 3   WATER  react and convert into  B(OH)₄⁻ + 3H⁺
Silicon (Si)   Si(OH)₄ + 4   WATER  react and convert into  Si(OH)₆²⁻ + 4H⁺
Germanium (Ge)   Ge(OH)₄ + 4   WATER  react and convert into  Ge(OH)₆²⁻ + 4H⁺
Arsenic (As)   As(OH)₃ + 3   WATER  react and convert into  AsO(OH)₃ + 3H⁺ (or) As(OH)₅ + 5   WATER  react and convert into  H₂AsO₄ + 5H⁺
Antimony (Sb)   Sb(OH)₃ + 3   WATER  react and convert into  Sb(OH)₆⁻ + 3H⁺
Tellurium (Te)   Te(OH)₆²⁻ + 6 ( HYDROGEN ION) react and convert into  H₂TeO₆ + 6 ( WATER MOLECULE)

Reaction of hydroxide with Lanthanide

Lanthanide   Reaction
Lanthanum (La)   La(OH)₃ + 3   WATER  react and convert into  La(OH)₄⁻ + 3H⁺
Cerium (Ce)   Ce(OH)₃ + 3   WATER  react and convert into  Ce(OH)₄⁻ + 3H⁺
Praseodymium (Pr)   Pr(OH)₃ + 3   WATER  react and convert into  Pr(OH)₄⁻ + 3H⁺
Neodymium (Nd)   Nd(OH)₃ + 3   WATER  react and convert into  Nd(OH)₄⁻ + 3H⁺
Promethium (Pm)   Pm(OH)₃ + 3   WATER  react and convert into  Pm(OH)₄⁻ + 3H⁺
Samarium (Sm)   Sm(OH)₃ + 3   WATER  react and convert into  Sm(OH)₄⁻ + 3H⁺
Europium (Eu)   Eu(OH)₃ + 3   WATER  react and convert into  Eu(OH

Reaction of hydroxide with Actinide

Actinide   Reaction
Actinium (Ac)   Ac(OH)₃ + 3   WATER  react and convert into  Ac(OH)₄⁻ + 3H⁺
Thorium (Th)   Th(OH)₄ + 4   WATER  react and convert into  Th(OH)₈²⁻ + 4H⁺
Uranium (U)   U(OH)₄ + 4   WATER  react and convert into  U(OH)₈²⁻ + 4H⁺
Neptunium (Np)   Np(OH)₄ + 4   WATER  react and convert into  Np(OH)₈²⁻ + 4H⁺
Plutonium (Pu)   Pu(OH)₄ + 4   WATER  react and convert into  Pu(OH)₈²⁻ + 4H⁺
Americium (Am)   Am(OH)₃ + 3   WATER  react and convert into  Am(OH)₄⁻ + 3H⁺ (or) Am(OH)₄ + 4   WATER  react and convert into  Am(OH)₈²⁻ + 4H⁺
Curium (Cm)   Cm(OH)₃ + 3   WATER  react and convert into  Cm(OH)₄⁻ + 3H⁺ (or) Cm(OH)₄ + 4   WATER  react and convert into  Cm(OH)₈²⁻ + 4H⁺
Californium (Cf)   Cf(OH)₃ + 3   WATER  react and convert into  Cf(OH)₄⁻ + 3H⁺ (or) Cf(OH)

 

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