Chemical formula of glucose is C6H12O6.
Physical Properties of Glucose:
| Properties | Details |
| Appearance | White crystalline powder or colorless crystals |
| Boiling Point | Decomposes above 300 °C |
| Density | 1.54 g/cm³ |
| Melting Point | 146-150 °C |
| Molecular Formula | C6H12O6 |
| Molecular Weight | 180.16 g/mol |
| Odor | Odorless |
| Optical Rotation | +52.7° (α-D-glucose) and -52.7° (β-D-glucose) |
| Solubility | Soluble in water, slightly soluble in alcohol |
Chemical Properties of Glucose:
| Properties | Details |
| Combustion | Glucose undergoes combustion, releasing carbon dioxide and water |
| Fermentation | Under anaerobic conditions, glucose can be fermented to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide |
| Glycosylation | Glucose can form glycosidic bonds to other molecules, forming disaccharides and polysaccharides |
| Hydrolysis | Glucose can be hydrolyzed to yield monosaccharides |
| Maillard Reaction | Glucose participates in the Maillard reaction, browning food products when heated with amino acids |
| Mutarotation | Glucose exists in equilibrium between the α and β forms, interconverting via mutarotation |
| Oxidation | Glucose can be oxidized by mild oxidizing agents |
| Reactivity | Reducing sugar |
Reaction of glucose
Alkali Metal
| Alkali Metal | Reaction with Glucose | Product |
| Lithium (Li) | 2 Li + C6H12O6 → 2 LiOH + C6H10O6 | Lithium hydroxide ,gluconic acid |
| Sodium (Na) | 2 Na + C6H12O6 → 2 NaOH + C6H10O6 | Sodium hydroxide ,gluconic acid |
| Potassium (K) | 2 K + C6H12O6 → 2 KOH + C6H10O6 | Potassium hydroxide ,gluconic acid |
| Rubidium (Rb) | 2 Rb + C6H12O6 → 2 RbOH + C6H10O6 | Rubidium hydroxide ,gluconic acid |
| Cesium (Cs) | 2 Cs + C6H12O6 → 2 CsOH + C6H10O6 | Cesium hydroxide ,gluconic acid |
Alkaline Earth Metal
| Alkaline Earth Metal | Reaction with Glucose | Product |
| Beryllium (Be) | No reaction | No product |
| Magnesium (Mg) | No reaction | No product |
| Calcium (Ca) | Ca + C6H12O6 → Ca(OH)2 + C6H10O6 + Heat | Calcium hydroxide ,gluconic acid |
| Strontium (Sr) | Sr + C6H12O6 → Sr(OH)2 + C6H10O6 + Heat | Strontium hydroxide ,gluconic acid |
| Barium (Ba) | Ba + C6H12O6 → Ba(OH)2 + C6H10O6 + Heat | Barium hydroxide ,gluconic acid |
Transition Metal
| Transition Metal | Reaction with Glucose | Product |
| Copper (Cu) | Cu + C6H12O6 → Cu2O + C6H10O6 | Cuprous oxide ,gluconic acid |
| Iron (Fe) | 4 Fe + 3 C6H12O6 → Fe3O4 + 3 C6H10O6 + 2 H2O + Heat | Iron(II,III) oxide, gluconic acid, ,water |
| Silver (Ag) | 4 Ag + C6H12O6 → 4 Ag2O + C6H10O6 | Silver oxide ,gluconic acid |
Post-Transition Metal
| Post-Transition Metal | Reaction with Glucose | Product |
| Aluminum (Al) | 4 Al + 3 C6H12O6 + 18 H2O → 4 Al(OH)3 + 3 CH3COOH | Aluminum hydroxide, acetic acid, ,gluconic acid |
| Zinc (Zn) | Zn + C6H12O6 → Zn(OH)2 + C6H10O6 | Zinc hydroxide ,gluconic acid |
| Tin (Sn) | Sn + 2 C6H12O6 → SnO2 + 2 C6H10O6 + Heat | Tin oxide ,gluconic acid |
| Lead (Pb) | Pb + C6H12O6 → PbO + C6H10O6 + Heat | Lead oxide ,gluconic acid |
| Bismuth (Bi) | No reaction | No product |
Non-Metal
| Non-Metal | Reaction with Glucose | Product |
| Nitrogen | C6H12O6 + 6 HNO3 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 6 NO2 + Heat | Carbon dioxide, water, nitrogen dioxide, ,heat |
| Chlorine | C6H12O6 + 6 Cl2 → 6 HCl + 6 CO2 + Heat | Hydrogen chloride, carbon dioxide, ,heat |
| Oxygen | C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Heat | Carbon dioxide, water, ,heat |
| Sulfur | C6H12O6 + 6 H2SO4 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 6 SO2 + Heat | Carbon dioxide, water, sulfur dioxide, ,heat |
| Phosphorus | C6H12O6 + 6 H3PO4 → 6 CO2 + 18 H2O + Heat | Carbon dioxide, water, ,phosphoric acid |
| Iodine | C6H12O6 + 6 I2 → 6 HI + 6 CO2 + Heat | Hydrogen iodide, carbon dioxide, ,heat |
| Fluorine | C6H12O6 + 6 F2 → 6 HF + 6 CO2 + Heat | Hydrogen fluoride, carbon dioxide, ,heat |
Metalloid
| Metalloid | Reaction with Glucose | Product |
| Boron | No reaction | No product |
| Silicon | C6H12O6 + 6 SiO2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + SiC + Heat | Carbon dioxide, water, silicon carbide, ,heat |
| Germanium | C6H12O6 + 6 Ge → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + GeO2 + Heat | Carbon dioxide, water, germanium dioxide, ,heat |
| Arsenic | C6H12O6 + 6 As → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + As2O3 + Heat | Carbon dioxide, water, arsenic trioxide, ,heat |
| Antimony | 2 C6H12O6 + 9 Sb2O3 → 12 CO2 + 18 H2O + 9 Sb + Heat | Carbon dioxide, water, antimony, ,heat |
| Tellurium | C6H12O6 + 3 Te → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + TeO2 + Heat | Carbon dioxide, water, tellurium dioxide, ,heat |