The general chemical formula for esters is:
R-COO-R’
Physical Properties of Esters:
Properties |
Details |
Appearance |
Typically colorless liquids or crystalline solids |
Boiling Point |
Varies depending on the specific ester compound |
Density |
Lower than water |
Melting Point |
Varies depending on the specific ester compound |
Odor |
Often pleasant and fruity |
Solubility |
Generally soluble in organic solvents, insoluble in water |
Chemical Properties of Esters:
Properties |
Details |
Combustibility |
Esters are generally flammable and can burn with a blue flame |
Ester Cleavage |
Can be cleaved by strong acids or bases to regenerate carboxylic acids and alcohols |
Ester Condensation |
Can undergo ester condensation reactions to form larger esters or polyester polymers |
Esterification |
React with alcohols and carboxylic acids to form esters |
Hydrolysis |
Undergo hydrolysis in the presence of water and an acid or base to form carboxylic acids and alcohols |
Oxidation |
Some esters can undergo oxidation reactions to form corresponding carboxylic acids |
Reactivity |
Reactivity can vary depending on the specific ester compound |
Saponification |
React with alkalis (bases) to form soaps and glycerol |
Reaction of easter with
Alkaline Earth Metal |
|
Equation |
Beryllium (Be) |
|
– |
Magnesium (Mg) |
|
Mg + 2R’-COOR react and convert into Mg(OR’)2 + R’-COOH + HYDROGEN GAS |
Calcium (Ca) |
|
Ca + 2R’-COOR + 2ROH react and convert into Ca(OR)2 + 2R’-COOH + HYDROGEN GAS |
Strontium (Sr) |
|
Sr + 2R’-COOR + 2ROH react and convert into Sr(OR)2 + 2R’-COOH + HYDROGEN GAS |
Barium (Ba) |
|
Ba + 2R’-COOR + 2ROH react and convert into Ba(OR)2 + 2R’-COOH + HYDROGEN GAS |
Reaction of easter with Transition Metal
Transition Metal |
|
Equation |
Iron (Fe) |
|
Fe + 2R’-COOR + 2H+ react and convert into Fe(OR’)2 + R’-COOH |
Nickel (Ni) |
|
Ni + H2 + R’-COOR react and convert into R’-COOH + ALCOHAL |
Palladium (Pd) |
|
Pd + H2 + R’-COOR react and convert into R’-COOH + ALCOHAL |
Platinum (Pt) |
|
Pt + H2 + R’-COOR react and convert into R’-COOH + ALCOHAL |
Copper (Cu) |
|
Cu + 2R’-COOR + 2H2 react and convert into 2R’-COOH + ALCOHAL |
Reaction of easter with Non-Transition Metal
Non-Transition Metal |
|
Equation |
Aluminum (Al) |
|
Al + 3R’-COOR + 3H2O react and convert into Al(OR’)3 + 3R’-COOH |
Zinc (Zn) |
|
Zn + R’-COOR + 2H+ react and convert into Zn(OR’)2 + R’-COOH |
Magnesium (Mg) |
|
Mg + 2R’-COOR + 2H2O react and convert into Mg(OR)2 + 2R’-COOH |
Tin (Sn) |
|
Sn + 2R’-COOR + 4H+ react and convert into Sn(OR’)2 + R’-COOH + HYDROGEN GAS |
Silicon (Si) |
|
Si + 4R’-COOR + 4H2O react and convert into Si(OR)4 + 4R’-COOH |
Bismuth (Bi) |
|
Bi + 3R’-COOR + 6H+ react and convert into Bi(OR’)3 + 3R’-COOH + 3/2 HYDROGEN GAS |
Reaction of easter with Non-Metal
Non-Metal |
|
Equation |
Hydrogen (H2) |
|
R’-COOR + H2 react and convert into R’-COOH + ALCOHAL |
Oxygen (O2) |
|
R’-COOR + O2 react and convert into R’-COOH |
Water (H2O) |
|
R’-COOR + H2O react and convert into R’-COOH + ALCOHAL |
Ammonia (NH3) |
|
R’-COOR + NH3 (or R’-NH2) react and convert into R’-CONH2 + ALCOHAL (or R’-NH2) |
Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) |
|
R’-COOR + HCl + H2O react and convert into R’-COOH + ALCOHAL + Cl- |
Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4) |
|
R’-COOR + H2SO4 + H2O react and convert into R’-COOH + ALCOHAL + HSO4- |
Phosphoric Acid (H3PO4) |
|
R’-COOR + H3PO4 + H2O react and convert into R’-COOH + ALCOHAL + H2PO4- |
Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) |
|
R’-COOR + NaOH + H2O react and convert into R’-COONa + ALCOHAL |
Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) |
|
R’-COOR + KOH + H2O react and convert into R’-COOK + ALCOHAL |
Reaction of easter with Metalloid
Metalloid |
|
Equation |
Boron (B) |
|
B + 3R’-COOR + 3H2O react and convert into B(OR’)3 + 3R’-COOH |
Silicon (Si) |
|
Si + 4R’-COOR + 4H2O react and convert into Si(OR)4 + 4R’-COOH |
Germanium (Ge) |
|
Ge + 4R’-COOR + 4H2O react and convert into Ge(OR)4 + 4R’-COOH |
Arsenic (As) |
|
As + 3R’-COOR + 6H2O react and convert into AsH3 + 3R’-COOH + 3H2O |
Antimony (Sb) |
|
Sb + 3R’-COOR + 6H2O react and convert into SbH3 + 3R’-COOH + 3H2O |
Tellurium (Te) |
|
Te + 4R’-COOR + 8H2O react and convert into TeH4 + 4R’-COOH + 4H2O |
Reaction of easter with Lanthanide
Lanthanide |
|
Equation |
Lanthanum (La) |
|
La + 3R’-COOR + 3H2O react and convert into La(OR’)3 + 3R’-COOH |
Cerium (Ce) |
|
Ce + R’-COOR react and convert into Ce(III) + R’-COO(-) + R’-O(-) |
Praseodymium (Pr) |
|
|
Reaction of easter with Actinide
Actinide |
|
Equation |
Uranium (U) |
|
U + R’-COOR react and convert into U(IV) + R’-COO(-) + R’-O(-) |
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