The general chemical formula for esters is:
R-COO-R’
Physical Properties of Esters:
| Properties | Details |
| Appearance | Typically colorless liquids or crystalline solids |
| Boiling Point | Varies depending on the specific ester compound |
| Density | Lower than water |
| Melting Point | Varies depending on the specific ester compound |
| Odor | Often pleasant and fruity |
| Solubility | Generally soluble in organic solvents, insoluble in water |
Chemical Properties of Esters:
| Properties | Details |
| Combustibility | Esters are generally flammable and can burn with a blue flame |
| Ester Cleavage | Can be cleaved by strong acids or bases to regenerate carboxylic acids and alcohols |
| Ester Condensation | Can undergo ester condensation reactions to form larger esters or polyester polymers |
| Esterification | React with alcohols and carboxylic acids to form esters |
| Hydrolysis | Undergo hydrolysis in the presence of water and an acid or base to form carboxylic acids and alcohols |
| Oxidation | Some esters can undergo oxidation reactions to form corresponding carboxylic acids |
| Reactivity | Reactivity can vary depending on the specific ester compound |
| Saponification | React with alkalis (bases) to form soaps and glycerol |
Reaction of easter with
| Alkaline Earth Metal | | Equation |
| Beryllium (Be) | | – |
| Magnesium (Mg) | | Mg + 2R’-COOR react and convert into Mg(OR’)2 + R’-COOH + HYDROGEN GAS |
| Calcium (Ca) | | Ca + 2R’-COOR + 2ROH react and convert into Ca(OR)2 + 2R’-COOH + HYDROGEN GAS |
| Strontium (Sr) | | Sr + 2R’-COOR + 2ROH react and convert into Sr(OR)2 + 2R’-COOH + HYDROGEN GAS |
| Barium (Ba) | | Ba + 2R’-COOR + 2ROH react and convert into Ba(OR)2 + 2R’-COOH + HYDROGEN GAS |
Reaction of easter with Transition Metal
| Transition Metal | | Equation |
| Iron (Fe) | | Fe + 2R’-COOR + 2H+ react and convert into Fe(OR’)2 + R’-COOH |
| Nickel (Ni) | | Ni + H2 + R’-COOR react and convert into R’-COOH + ALCOHAL |
| Palladium (Pd) | | Pd + H2 + R’-COOR react and convert into R’-COOH + ALCOHAL |
| Platinum (Pt) | | Pt + H2 + R’-COOR react and convert into R’-COOH + ALCOHAL |
| Copper (Cu) | | Cu + 2R’-COOR + 2H2 react and convert into 2R’-COOH + ALCOHAL |
Reaction of easter with Non-Transition Metal
| Non-Transition Metal | | Equation |
| Aluminum (Al) | | Al + 3R’-COOR + 3H2O react and convert into Al(OR’)3 + 3R’-COOH |
| Zinc (Zn) | | Zn + R’-COOR + 2H+ react and convert into Zn(OR’)2 + R’-COOH |
| Magnesium (Mg) | | Mg + 2R’-COOR + 2H2O react and convert into Mg(OR)2 + 2R’-COOH |
| Tin (Sn) | | Sn + 2R’-COOR + 4H+ react and convert into Sn(OR’)2 + R’-COOH + HYDROGEN GAS |
| Silicon (Si) | | Si + 4R’-COOR + 4H2O react and convert into Si(OR)4 + 4R’-COOH |
| Bismuth (Bi) | | Bi + 3R’-COOR + 6H+ react and convert into Bi(OR’)3 + 3R’-COOH + 3/2 HYDROGEN GAS |
Reaction of easter with Non-Metal
| Non-Metal | | Equation |
| Hydrogen (H2) | | R’-COOR + H2 react and convert into R’-COOH + ALCOHAL |
| Oxygen (O2) | | R’-COOR + O2 react and convert into R’-COOH |
| Water (H2O) | | R’-COOR + H2O react and convert into R’-COOH + ALCOHAL |
| Ammonia (NH3) | | R’-COOR + NH3 (or R’-NH2) react and convert into R’-CONH2 + ALCOHAL (or R’-NH2) |
| Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) | | R’-COOR + HCl + H2O react and convert into R’-COOH + ALCOHAL + Cl- |
| Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4) | | R’-COOR + H2SO4 + H2O react and convert into R’-COOH + ALCOHAL + HSO4- |
| Phosphoric Acid (H3PO4) | | R’-COOR + H3PO4 + H2O react and convert into R’-COOH + ALCOHAL + H2PO4- |
| Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) | | R’-COOR + NaOH + H2O react and convert into R’-COONa + ALCOHAL |
| Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) | | R’-COOR + KOH + H2O react and convert into R’-COOK + ALCOHAL |
Reaction of easter with Metalloid
| Metalloid | | Equation |
| Boron (B) | | B + 3R’-COOR + 3H2O react and convert into B(OR’)3 + 3R’-COOH |
| Silicon (Si) | | Si + 4R’-COOR + 4H2O react and convert into Si(OR)4 + 4R’-COOH |
| Germanium (Ge) | | Ge + 4R’-COOR + 4H2O react and convert into Ge(OR)4 + 4R’-COOH |
| Arsenic (As) | | As + 3R’-COOR + 6H2O react and convert into AsH3 + 3R’-COOH + 3H2O |
| Antimony (Sb) | | Sb + 3R’-COOR + 6H2O react and convert into SbH3 + 3R’-COOH + 3H2O |
| Tellurium (Te) | | Te + 4R’-COOR + 8H2O react and convert into TeH4 + 4R’-COOH + 4H2O |
Reaction of easter with Lanthanide
| Lanthanide | | Equation |
| Lanthanum (La) | | La + 3R’-COOR + 3H2O react and convert into La(OR’)3 + 3R’-COOH |
| Cerium (Ce) | | Ce + R’-COOR react and convert into Ce(III) + R’-COO(-) + R’-O(-) |
| Praseodymium (Pr) | | |
Reaction of easter with Actinide
| Actinide | | Equation |
| Uranium (U) | | U + R’-COOR react and convert into U(IV) + R’-COO(-) + R’-O(-) |
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