What is the primary energy system used during high-intensity exercise lasting up to 10 seconds?
A. Aerobic system
B. Anaerobic glycolysis
C. Phosphagen system
D. Fat oxidation
Answer: C. Phosphagen system
Which of the following is a primary function of the cardiovascular system during exercise?
A. Enhance digestion
B. Remove carbon dioxide and waste
C. Increase muscle mass
D. Regulate body temperature
Answer: B. Remove carbon dioxide and waste
What is the term for the maximum amount of oxygen the body can utilize during intense exercise?
A. VO2 max
B. Lactic threshold
C. Anaerobic capacity
D. Cardiac output
Answer: A. VO2 max
Which type of muscle fibers are most resistant to fatigue?
A. Type I fibers
B. Type IIa fibers
C. Type IIb fibers
D. Fast-twitch fibers
Answer: A. Type I fibers
What is the primary source of energy for prolonged, low-intensity exercise?
A. Glucose
B. Fat
C. Protein
D. Creatine
Answer: B. Fat
Which physiological response occurs immediately after beginning exercise?
A. Decrease in heart rate
B. Increase in stroke volume
C. Increase in blood flow to muscles
D. Decrease in oxygen consumption
Answer: C. Increase in blood flow to muscles
What happens to stroke volume during intense exercise?
A. It decreases
B. It remains the same
C. It increases
D. It fluctuates
Answer: C. It increases
Which of the following factors primarily determines muscular strength?
A. Muscle fiber type
B. Muscle size
C. Nervous system activation
D. All of the above
Answer: D. All of the above
What is the term for the buildup of lactic acid during anaerobic exercise?
A. Lactate threshold
B. Anaerobic capacity
C. Oxygen debt
D. Muscle fatigue
Answer: A. Lactate threshold
Which hormone is released during exercise and helps mobilize energy stores?
A. Insulin
B. Cortisol
C. Epinephrine
D. Serotonin
Answer: C. Epinephrine
What is the primary function of the respiratory system during exercise?
A. Regulate body temperature
B. Deliver oxygen to the blood and remove carbon dioxide
C. Support movement
D. Control heart rate
Answer: B. Deliver oxygen to the blood and remove carbon dioxide
What is the primary adaptation of the cardiovascular system to endurance training?
A. Increased resting heart rate
B. Decreased stroke volume
C. Increased capillary density
D. Decreased blood volume
Answer: C. Increased capillary density
How does regular resistance training affect muscle fibers?
A. It decreases their size
B. It increases their strength and size
C. It converts fast-twitch fibers to slow-twitch fibers
D. It has no effect on muscle fibers
Answer: B. It increases their strength and size
What physiological change occurs with aerobic training?
A. Decrease in VO2 max
B. Decrease in fat oxidation
C. Increase in mitochondrial density
D. Increase in heart rate at rest
Answer: C. Increase in mitochondrial density
Which of the following is a potential benefit of high-intensity interval training (HIIT)?
A. Increased risk of injury
B. Improved cardiovascular fitness in less time
C. Decreased metabolism
D. Reduced muscle strength
Answer: B. Improved cardiovascular fitness in less time
What is the primary function of myoglobin in muscle cells?
A. Store glucose
B. Store oxygen
C. Produce ATP
D. Remove carbon dioxide
Answer: B. Store oxygen
What happens to the body’s core temperature during prolonged exercise in hot conditions?
A. It decreases significantly
B. It remains constant
C. It increases
D. It fluctuates
Answer: C. It increases
What is the term for the increase in the number of red blood cells in response to endurance training?
A. Hemoconcentration
B. Erythropoiesis
C. Hyperemia
D. Hemodilution
Answer: B. Erythropoiesis
Which energy system is primarily used during a 400-meter sprint?
A. Phosphagen system
B. Aerobic system
C. Anaerobic glycolysis
D. Fat oxidation
Answer: C. Anaerobic glycolysis
How does regular aerobic exercise affect resting heart rate?
A. Increases it
B. Decreases it
C. Has no effect
D. Makes it irregular
Answer: B. Decreases it
What is the primary purpose of a cool-down after exercise?
A. To increase heart rate
B. To prevent injury and aid recovery
C. To maximize muscle fatigue
D. To increase metabolic rate
Answer: B. To prevent injury and aid recovery
Which of the following best describes the concept of “muscle hypertrophy”?
A. Decrease in muscle size
B. Increase in muscle size
C. Increase in muscle endurance
D. Decrease in muscle strength
Answer: B. Increase in muscle size
What is the role of the ATP-PC system in exercise?
A. Provides long-term energy
B. Provides immediate energy for short bursts
C. Regulates blood flow
D. Supports fat metabolism
Answer: B. Provides immediate energy for short bursts
What is the primary fuel source for high-intensity, short-duration activities?
A. Fats
B. Proteins
C. Carbohydrates
D. Vitamins
Answer: C. Carbohydrates
What is the effect of chronic exercise on insulin sensitivity?
A. It decreases sensitivity
B. It has no effect
C. It improves sensitivity
D. It leads to insulin resistance
Answer: C. It improves sensitivity
What is the primary role of the hypothalamus during exercise?
A. Control heart rate
B. Regulate temperature
C. Control muscle contractions
D. Filter blood
Answer: B. Regulate temperature
Which physiological change is associated with aging and a sedentary lifestyle?
A. Increased muscle mass
B. Decreased bone density
C. Improved cardiovascular fitness
D. Enhanced flexibility
Answer: B. Decreased bone density
What is the primary function of the glycolytic pathway?
A. Produce ATP from fat
B. Convert glucose to ATP without oxygen
C. Store energy for later use
D. Generate heat
Answer: B. Convert glucose to ATP without oxygen
What is the primary cause of delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS)?
A. Lactic acid buildup
B. Muscle fiber damage
C. Dehydration
D. Lack of nutrients
Answer: B. Muscle fiber damage
What is the primary determinant of an athlete’s performance in endurance events?
A. Flexibility
B. Muscle mass
C. Aerobic capacity
D. Speed
Answer: C. Aerobic capacity
Which hormone is primarily involved in muscle recovery and repair?
A. Cortisol
B. Testosterone
C. Adrenaline
D. Insulin
Answer: B. Testosterone
What is the main purpose of a warm-up before exercise?
A. To increase heart rate and prepare muscles
B. To cool down the body
C. To increase muscle fatigue
D. To lower blood pressure
Answer: A. To increase heart rate and prepare muscles
What is the primary effect of anaerobic training on muscle fibers?
A. Decrease in strength
B. Increase in Type II fibers
C. Decrease in endurance
D. Increase in Type I fibers
Answer: B. Increase in Type II fibers
What is the role of capillaries in the muscles during exercise?
A. Store energy
B. Transport oxygen and nutrients
C. Generate heat
D. Produce hormones
Answer: B. Transport oxygen and nutrients
Which of the following best describes “aerobic capacity”?
A. The ability to perform short, high-intensity bursts
B. The maximum rate of oxygen consumption during exercise
C. The amount of fat burned during exercise
D. The strength of the heart
Answer: B. The maximum rate of oxygen consumption during exercise
What happens to blood flow to the skin during exercise in hot conditions?
A. Increases to cool the body
B. Decreases to maintain core temperature
C. Remains unchanged
D. Fluctuates significantly
Answer: A. Increases to cool the body
Which of the following factors can limit VO2 max?
A. Cardiac output
B. Hemoglobin levels
C. Muscle oxygen extraction
D. All of the above
Answer: D. All of the above
What is the primary effect of strength training on bone health?
A. Decreases bone density
B. Increases bone density
C. Has no effect
D. Only affects joint health
Answer: B. Increases bone density
What is the primary reason for incorporating variety in an exercise program?
A. To decrease motivation
B. To prevent plateaus and overuse injuries
C. To simplify training
D. To reduce time spent exercising
Answer: B. To prevent plateaus and overuse injuries
What is the main goal of periodization in training?
A. To increase weight consistently
B. To prevent burnout and overtraining
C. To maintain the same workout routine
D. To train only for strength
Answer: B. To prevent burnout and overtraining
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