Pediatric Nephrology (kidney diseases in children) MCQs
Pediatric Nephrology MCQs
What is the most common cause of acute kidney injury in children?
a) Dehydration
b) Glomerulonephritis
c) Urinary tract obstruction
d) Acute tubular necrosis
Answer: a) Dehydration
Which of the following is a common symptom of nephrotic syndrome in children?
a) Hypertension
b) Hematuria
c) Edema
d) Hypercalcemia
Answer: c) Edema
The most common type of glomerulonephritis in children is:
a) Minimal change disease
b) Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
c) Membranous nephropathy
d) IgA nephropathy
Answer: a) Minimal change disease
Which of the following is a typical finding in urine analysis for nephrotic syndrome?
a) Hematuria
b) Proteinuria
c) Glucosuria
d) Pyuria
Answer: b) Proteinuria
A 6-year-old child presents with hematuria, abdominal pain, and a history of recent respiratory infection. What is the likely diagnosis?
a) IgA nephropathy
b) Systemic lupus erythematosus
c) Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
d) Alport syndrome
Answer: c) Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
What is the primary treatment for children with minimal change disease?
a) Steroids
b) Antibiotics
c) Immunosuppressants
d) Diuretics
Answer: a) Steroids
Which imaging modality is commonly used to evaluate renal anatomy and obstruction in children?
a) X-ray
b) Ultrasound
c) CT scan
d) MRI
Answer: b) Ultrasound
A child presents with hypertension, hematuria, and proteinuria. What is the most likely underlying condition?
a) Hypertension
b) Glomerulonephritis
c) Diabetes mellitus
d) Renal stones
Answer: b) Glomerulonephritis
Which condition is characterized by the presence of red blood cell casts in the urine?
a) Acute pyelonephritis
b) Nephrotic syndrome
c) Acute glomerulonephritis
d) Chronic kidney disease
Answer: c) Acute glomerulonephritis
The most common renal anomaly detected in children is:
a) Hydronephrosis
b) Renal agenesis
c) Horseshoe kidney
d) Renal cysts
Answer: a) Hydronephrosis
Which electrolyte imbalance is most commonly associated with acute kidney injury in children?
a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hypernatremia
c) Hypocalcemia
d) Hypermagnesemia
Answer: a) Hyperkalemia
In which condition would you expect to find significant proteinuria but no hematuria?
a) Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
b) Minimal change disease
c) IgA nephropathy
d) Acute pyelonephritis
Answer: b) Minimal change disease
Which of the following is a common complication of chronic kidney disease in children?
a) Growth retardation
b) Hyperthyroidism
c) Hyperglycemia
d) Hypotension
Answer: a) Growth retardation
A child with hematuria and a history of systemic illness such as a respiratory infection is most likely suffering from:
a) Acute kidney injury
b) Nephrotic syndrome
c) Post-infectious glomerulonephritis
d) UTI
Answer: c) Post-infectious glomerulonephritis
Which condition is associated with a high risk of renal stones in children?
a) Hypercalciuria
b) Nephrotic syndrome
c) Glomerulonephritis
d) Renal dysplasia
Answer: a) Hypercalciuria
Which type of renal replacement therapy is typically used for children with end-stage renal disease?
a) Peritoneal dialysis
b) Hemodialysis
c) Kidney transplant
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
A child presents with a history of recurrent urinary tract infections and abnormal renal ultrasound showing scarring. The likely diagnosis is:
a) Vesicoureteral reflux
b) Hydronephrosis
c) Renal agenesis
d) Renal cysts
Answer: a) Vesicoureteral reflux
Which of the following is a common sign of nephritic syndrome in children?
a) Hypoalbuminemia
b) Edema
c) Hyperlipidemia
d) Hematuria
Answer: d) Hematuria
Which drug class is commonly used in the management of hypertension in children with chronic kidney disease?
a) Calcium channel blockers
b) ACE inhibitors
c) Beta-blockers
d) Diuretics
Answer: b) ACE inhibitors
In a child with nephrotic syndrome, which test is used to assess the degree of proteinuria?
a) Urine dipstick
b) Urine culture
c) Serum creatinine
d) Renal ultrasound
Answer: a) Urine dipstick
Which syndrome is characterized by congenital renal and hearing abnormalities?
a) Alport syndrome
b) Turner syndrome
c) Williams syndrome
d) Klinefelter syndrome
Answer: a) Alport syndrome
Which imaging test is most useful for evaluating renal blood flow and function in children?
a) MRI
b) CT scan
c) Renal scintigraphy
d) X-ray
Answer: c) Renal scintigraphy
Which laboratory test is important for monitoring children undergoing dialysis?
a) Serum potassium
b) Urine glucose
c) Serum calcium
d) Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
Answer: a) Serum potassium
A child with a history of recurrent pyelonephritis and abnormal renal function tests is most likely to have:
a) Chronic kidney disease
b) Acute glomerulonephritis
c) Renal cysts
d) Nephrotic syndrome
Answer: a) Chronic kidney disease
What is a key feature of congenital nephrotic syndrome?
a) Present at birth
b) Develops after age 2
c) Responsive to corticosteroids
d) Usually self-limiting
Answer: a) Present at birth
Which of the following is an early sign of acute kidney injury in children?
a) Elevated blood pressure
b) Oliguria
c) Edema
d) Hypercalcemia
Answer: b) Oliguria
What is the primary cause of renal failure in children with congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT)?
a) Obstructive uropathy
b) Glomerulonephritis
c) Renal dysplasia
d) Vesicoureteral reflux
Answer: a) Obstructive uropathy
Which condition is most commonly associated with hematuria in children?
a) UTI
b) Nephrotic syndrome
c) Hypertension
d) Renal stones
Answer: a) UTI
In children with chronic kidney disease, which of the following is a common metabolic complication?
a) Metabolic acidosis
b) Hyperlipidemia
c) Hyperkalemia
d) Hypernatremia
Answer: a) Metabolic acidosis
What is the standard first-line treatment for hypertension in children with renal impairment?
a) Diuretics
b) ACE inhibitors
c) Beta-blockers
d) Calcium channel blockers
Answer: b) ACE inhibitors
Which of the following conditions is characterized by hematuria and a history of exposure to nephrotoxic agents?
a) Acute tubular necrosis
b) Minimal change disease
c) Chronic glomerulonephritis
d) Acute pyelonephritis
Answer: a) Acute tubular necrosis
Which type of nephrotic syndrome is least responsive to steroid therapy?
a) Minimal change disease
b) Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
c) Membranous nephropathy
d) IgA nephropathy
Answer: b) Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
Which type of renal cystic disease is commonly seen in infants?
a) Multicystic dysplastic kidney
b) Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
c) Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease
d) Simple renal cysts
Answer: a) Multicystic dysplastic kidney
What is the key diagnostic feature of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) affecting the kidneys in children?
a) Hematuria and proteinuria
b) Elevated blood urea nitrogen
c) Hypercalcemia
d) Elevated serum creatinine
Answer: a) Hematuria and proteinuria
Which of the following is a common consequence of long-term peritoneal dialysis in children?
a) Abdominal hernias
b) Renal stones
c) Hypertension
d) Hyperkalemia
Answer: a) Abdominal hernias
Which condition presents with abdominal pain, hematuria, and a palpable abdominal mass in children?
a) Wilms’ tumor
b) Neuroblastoma
c) Rhabdomyosarcoma
d) Hepatoblastoma
Answer: a) Wilms’ tumor
Which genetic condition is associated with the development of cystic kidneys in children?
a) Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
b) Down syndrome
c) Turner syndrome
d) Klinefelter syndrome
Answer: a) Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
Which of the following is a common early symptom of acute kidney injury in children?
a) Polyuria
b) Decreased urine output
c) Edema
d) Jaundice
Answer: b) Decreased urine output
Which condition is characterized by renal colic, hematuria, and stone formation in the kidneys?
a) Renal stones
b) Glomerulonephritis
c) Nephrotic syndrome
d) Chronic kidney disease
Answer: a) Renal stones
A child presents with recurrent abdominal pain, hematuria, and a history of recent streptococcal infection. The likely diagnosis is:
a) Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
b) Nephrotic syndrome
c) Urinary tract infection
d) Wilms’ tumor
Answer: a) Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
Which type of renal transplantation is generally preferred in children?
a) Cadaveric kidney transplantation
b) Living donor kidney transplantation
c) Dual kidney transplantation
d) Laparoscopic kidney transplantation
Answer: b) Living donor kidney transplantation
What is a typical finding in the urine of a child with minimal change disease?
a) High specific gravity
b) Proteinuria
c) Blood
d) Glucose
Answer: b) Proteinuria
Which condition is commonly associated with the presence of casts in the urine?
a) Acute glomerulonephritis
b) Nephrotic syndrome
c) Urinary tract infection
d) Kidney stones
Answer: a) Acute glomerulonephritis
What is the most common cause of hypertension in children with chronic kidney disease?
a) Fluid overload
b) Hypercalcemia
c) Hyperkalemia
d) Anemia
Answer: a) Fluid overload
Which of the following conditions can cause a delay in growth and development in children with chronic kidney disease?
a) Secondary hyperparathyroidism
b) Metabolic acidosis
c) Anemia
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
Which condition is associated with a low urinary concentrating ability in children?
a) Chronic kidney disease
b) Nephrotic syndrome
c) Acute kidney injury
d) Renal tubular acidosis
Answer: d) Renal tubular acidosis
Which of the following is a common treatment option for children with vesicoureteral reflux?
a) Antibiotic prophylaxis
b) Surgical correction
c) Steroid therapy
d) Dialysis
Answer: a) Antibiotic prophylaxis
Which condition is most likely to cause a urinary tract infection in children?
a) Vesicoureteral reflux
b) Nephrotic syndrome
c) Renal stone
d) Glomerulonephritis
Answer: a) Vesicoureteral reflux
What is the primary cause of congenital renal anomalies in children?
a) Genetic mutations
b) Environmental factors
c) Infections
d) Trauma
Answer: a) Genetic mutations
Which of the following is a common manifestation of renal tubular acidosis in children?
a) Growth retardation
b) Hyperuricemia
c) Hypertension
d) Dehydration
Answer: a) Growth retardation