Pediatric Nephrology (kidney diseases in children) MCQs

Pediatric Nephrology MCQs

  1. What is the most common cause of acute kidney injury in children? a) Dehydration b) Glomerulonephritis c) Urinary tract obstruction d) Acute tubular necrosis Answer: a) Dehydration
  2. Which of the following is a common symptom of nephrotic syndrome in children? a) Hypertension b) Hematuria c) Edema d) Hypercalcemia Answer: c) Edema
  3. The most common type of glomerulonephritis in children is: a) Minimal change disease b) Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis c) Membranous nephropathy d) IgA nephropathy Answer: a) Minimal change disease
  4. Which of the following is a typical finding in urine analysis for nephrotic syndrome? a) Hematuria b) Proteinuria c) Glucosuria d) Pyuria Answer: b) Proteinuria
  5. A 6-year-old child presents with hematuria, abdominal pain, and a history of recent respiratory infection. What is the likely diagnosis? a) IgA nephropathy b) Systemic lupus erythematosus c) Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis d) Alport syndrome Answer: c) Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
  6. What is the primary treatment for children with minimal change disease? a) Steroids b) Antibiotics c) Immunosuppressants d) Diuretics Answer: a) Steroids
  7. Which imaging modality is commonly used to evaluate renal anatomy and obstruction in children? a) X-ray b) Ultrasound c) CT scan d) MRI Answer: b) Ultrasound
  8. A child presents with hypertension, hematuria, and proteinuria. What is the most likely underlying condition? a) Hypertension b) Glomerulonephritis c) Diabetes mellitus d) Renal stones Answer: b) Glomerulonephritis
  9. Which condition is characterized by the presence of red blood cell casts in the urine? a) Acute pyelonephritis b) Nephrotic syndrome c) Acute glomerulonephritis d) Chronic kidney disease Answer: c) Acute glomerulonephritis
  10. The most common renal anomaly detected in children is: a) Hydronephrosis b) Renal agenesis c) Horseshoe kidney d) Renal cysts Answer: a) Hydronephrosis
  11. Which electrolyte imbalance is most commonly associated with acute kidney injury in children? a) Hyperkalemia b) Hypernatremia c) Hypocalcemia d) Hypermagnesemia Answer: a) Hyperkalemia
  12. In which condition would you expect to find significant proteinuria but no hematuria? a) Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis b) Minimal change disease c) IgA nephropathy d) Acute pyelonephritis Answer: b) Minimal change disease
  13. Which of the following is a common complication of chronic kidney disease in children? a) Growth retardation b) Hyperthyroidism c) Hyperglycemia d) Hypotension Answer: a) Growth retardation
  14. A child with hematuria and a history of systemic illness such as a respiratory infection is most likely suffering from: a) Acute kidney injury b) Nephrotic syndrome c) Post-infectious glomerulonephritis d) UTI Answer: c) Post-infectious glomerulonephritis
  15. Which condition is associated with a high risk of renal stones in children? a) Hypercalciuria b) Nephrotic syndrome c) Glomerulonephritis d) Renal dysplasia Answer: a) Hypercalciuria
  16. Which type of renal replacement therapy is typically used for children with end-stage renal disease? a) Peritoneal dialysis b) Hemodialysis c) Kidney transplant d) All of the above Answer: d) All of the above
  17. A child presents with a history of recurrent urinary tract infections and abnormal renal ultrasound showing scarring. The likely diagnosis is: a) Vesicoureteral reflux b) Hydronephrosis c) Renal agenesis d) Renal cysts Answer: a) Vesicoureteral reflux
  18. Which of the following is a common sign of nephritic syndrome in children? a) Hypoalbuminemia b) Edema c) Hyperlipidemia d) Hematuria Answer: d) Hematuria
  19. Which drug class is commonly used in the management of hypertension in children with chronic kidney disease? a) Calcium channel blockers b) ACE inhibitors c) Beta-blockers d) Diuretics Answer: b) ACE inhibitors
  20. In a child with nephrotic syndrome, which test is used to assess the degree of proteinuria? a) Urine dipstick b) Urine culture c) Serum creatinine d) Renal ultrasound Answer: a) Urine dipstick
  21. Which syndrome is characterized by congenital renal and hearing abnormalities? a) Alport syndrome b) Turner syndrome c) Williams syndrome d) Klinefelter syndrome Answer: a) Alport syndrome
  22. Which imaging test is most useful for evaluating renal blood flow and function in children? a) MRI b) CT scan c) Renal scintigraphy d) X-ray Answer: c) Renal scintigraphy
  23. Which laboratory test is important for monitoring children undergoing dialysis? a) Serum potassium b) Urine glucose c) Serum calcium d) Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) Answer: a) Serum potassium
  24. A child with a history of recurrent pyelonephritis and abnormal renal function tests is most likely to have: a) Chronic kidney disease b) Acute glomerulonephritis c) Renal cysts d) Nephrotic syndrome Answer: a) Chronic kidney disease
  25. What is a key feature of congenital nephrotic syndrome? a) Present at birth b) Develops after age 2 c) Responsive to corticosteroids d) Usually self-limiting Answer: a) Present at birth
  26. Which of the following is an early sign of acute kidney injury in children? a) Elevated blood pressure b) Oliguria c) Edema d) Hypercalcemia Answer: b) Oliguria
  27. What is the primary cause of renal failure in children with congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT)? a) Obstructive uropathy b) Glomerulonephritis c) Renal dysplasia d) Vesicoureteral reflux Answer: a) Obstructive uropathy
  28. Which condition is most commonly associated with hematuria in children? a) UTI b) Nephrotic syndrome c) Hypertension d) Renal stones Answer: a) UTI
  29. In children with chronic kidney disease, which of the following is a common metabolic complication? a) Metabolic acidosis b) Hyperlipidemia c) Hyperkalemia d) Hypernatremia Answer: a) Metabolic acidosis
  30. What is the standard first-line treatment for hypertension in children with renal impairment? a) Diuretics b) ACE inhibitors c) Beta-blockers d) Calcium channel blockers Answer: b) ACE inhibitors
  31. Which of the following conditions is characterized by hematuria and a history of exposure to nephrotoxic agents? a) Acute tubular necrosis b) Minimal change disease c) Chronic glomerulonephritis d) Acute pyelonephritis Answer: a) Acute tubular necrosis
  32. Which type of nephrotic syndrome is least responsive to steroid therapy? a) Minimal change disease b) Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis c) Membranous nephropathy d) IgA nephropathy Answer: b) Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
  33. Which type of renal cystic disease is commonly seen in infants? a) Multicystic dysplastic kidney b) Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease c) Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease d) Simple renal cysts Answer: a) Multicystic dysplastic kidney
  34. What is the key diagnostic feature of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) affecting the kidneys in children? a) Hematuria and proteinuria b) Elevated blood urea nitrogen c) Hypercalcemia d) Elevated serum creatinine Answer: a) Hematuria and proteinuria
  35. Which of the following is a common consequence of long-term peritoneal dialysis in children? a) Abdominal hernias b) Renal stones c) Hypertension d) Hyperkalemia Answer: a) Abdominal hernias
  36. Which condition presents with abdominal pain, hematuria, and a palpable abdominal mass in children? a) Wilms’ tumor b) Neuroblastoma c) Rhabdomyosarcoma d) Hepatoblastoma Answer: a) Wilms’ tumor
  37. Which genetic condition is associated with the development of cystic kidneys in children? a) Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease b) Down syndrome c) Turner syndrome d) Klinefelter syndrome Answer: a) Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
  38. Which of the following is a common early symptom of acute kidney injury in children? a) Polyuria b) Decreased urine output c) Edema d) Jaundice Answer: b) Decreased urine output
  39. Which condition is characterized by renal colic, hematuria, and stone formation in the kidneys? a) Renal stones b) Glomerulonephritis c) Nephrotic syndrome d) Chronic kidney disease Answer: a) Renal stones
  40. A child presents with recurrent abdominal pain, hematuria, and a history of recent streptococcal infection. The likely diagnosis is: a) Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis b) Nephrotic syndrome c) Urinary tract infection d) Wilms’ tumor Answer: a) Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
  41. Which type of renal transplantation is generally preferred in children? a) Cadaveric kidney transplantation b) Living donor kidney transplantation c) Dual kidney transplantation d) Laparoscopic kidney transplantation Answer: b) Living donor kidney transplantation
  42. What is a typical finding in the urine of a child with minimal change disease? a) High specific gravity b) Proteinuria c) Blood d) Glucose Answer: b) Proteinuria
  43. Which condition is commonly associated with the presence of casts in the urine? a) Acute glomerulonephritis b) Nephrotic syndrome c) Urinary tract infection d) Kidney stones Answer: a) Acute glomerulonephritis
  44. What is the most common cause of hypertension in children with chronic kidney disease? a) Fluid overload b) Hypercalcemia c) Hyperkalemia d) Anemia Answer: a) Fluid overload
  45. Which of the following conditions can cause a delay in growth and development in children with chronic kidney disease? a) Secondary hyperparathyroidism b) Metabolic acidosis c) Anemia d) All of the above Answer: d) All of the above
  46. Which condition is associated with a low urinary concentrating ability in children? a) Chronic kidney disease b) Nephrotic syndrome c) Acute kidney injury d) Renal tubular acidosis Answer: d) Renal tubular acidosis
  47. Which of the following is a common treatment option for children with vesicoureteral reflux? a) Antibiotic prophylaxis b) Surgical correction c) Steroid therapy d) Dialysis Answer: a) Antibiotic prophylaxis
  48. Which condition is most likely to cause a urinary tract infection in children? a) Vesicoureteral reflux b) Nephrotic syndrome c) Renal stone d) Glomerulonephritis Answer: a) Vesicoureteral reflux
  49. What is the primary cause of congenital renal anomalies in children? a) Genetic mutations b) Environmental factors c) Infections d) Trauma Answer: a) Genetic mutations
  50. Which of the following is a common manifestation of renal tubular acidosis in children? a) Growth retardation b) Hyperuricemia c) Hypertension d) Dehydration Answer: a) Growth retardation

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