Pediatric Nephrology (kidney diseases in children) MCQs

Pediatric Nephrology MCQs

What is the most common cause of acute kidney injury in children?
a) Dehydration
b) Glomerulonephritis
c) Urinary tract obstruction
d) Acute tubular necrosis

Answer: a) Dehydration
Which of the following is a common symptom of nephrotic syndrome in children?
a) Hypertension
b) Hematuria
c) Edema
d) Hypercalcemia

Answer: c) Edema
The most common type of glomerulonephritis in children is:
a) Minimal change disease
b) Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
c) Membranous nephropathy
d) IgA nephropathy

Answer: a) Minimal change disease
Which of the following is a typical finding in urine analysis for nephrotic syndrome?
a) Hematuria
b) Proteinuria
c) Glucosuria
d) Pyuria

Answer: b) Proteinuria
A 6-year-old child presents with hematuria, abdominal pain, and a history of recent respiratory infection. What is the likely diagnosis?
a) IgA nephropathy
b) Systemic lupus erythematosus
c) Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
d) Alport syndrome

Answer: c) Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
What is the primary treatment for children with minimal change disease?
a) Steroids
b) Antibiotics
c) Immunosuppressants
d) Diuretics

Answer: a) Steroids
Which imaging modality is commonly used to evaluate renal anatomy and obstruction in children?
a) X-ray
b) Ultrasound
c) CT scan
d) MRI

Answer: b) Ultrasound
A child presents with hypertension, hematuria, and proteinuria. What is the most likely underlying condition?
a) Hypertension
b) Glomerulonephritis
c) Diabetes mellitus
d) Renal stones

Answer: b) Glomerulonephritis
Which condition is characterized by the presence of red blood cell casts in the urine?
a) Acute pyelonephritis
b) Nephrotic syndrome
c) Acute glomerulonephritis
d) Chronic kidney disease

Answer: c) Acute glomerulonephritis
The most common renal anomaly detected in children is:
a) Hydronephrosis
b) Renal agenesis
c) Horseshoe kidney
d) Renal cysts

Answer: a) Hydronephrosis
Which electrolyte imbalance is most commonly associated with acute kidney injury in children?
a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hypernatremia
c) Hypocalcemia
d) Hypermagnesemia

Answer: a) Hyperkalemia
In which condition would you expect to find significant proteinuria but no hematuria?
a) Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
b) Minimal change disease
c) IgA nephropathy
d) Acute pyelonephritis

Answer: b) Minimal change disease
Which of the following is a common complication of chronic kidney disease in children?
a) Growth retardation
b) Hyperthyroidism
c) Hyperglycemia
d) Hypotension

Answer: a) Growth retardation
A child with hematuria and a history of systemic illness such as a respiratory infection is most likely suffering from:
a) Acute kidney injury
b) Nephrotic syndrome
c) Post-infectious glomerulonephritis
d) UTI

Answer: c) Post-infectious glomerulonephritis
Which condition is associated with a high risk of renal stones in children?
a) Hypercalciuria
b) Nephrotic syndrome
c) Glomerulonephritis
d) Renal dysplasia

Answer: a) Hypercalciuria
Which type of renal replacement therapy is typically used for children with end-stage renal disease?
a) Peritoneal dialysis
b) Hemodialysis
c) Kidney transplant
d) All of the above

Answer: d) All of the above
A child presents with a history of recurrent urinary tract infections and abnormal renal ultrasound showing scarring. The likely diagnosis is:
a) Vesicoureteral reflux
b) Hydronephrosis
c) Renal agenesis
d) Renal cysts

Answer: a) Vesicoureteral reflux
Which of the following is a common sign of nephritic syndrome in children?
a) Hypoalbuminemia
b) Edema
c) Hyperlipidemia
d) Hematuria

Answer: d) Hematuria
Which drug class is commonly used in the management of hypertension in children with chronic kidney disease?
a) Calcium channel blockers
b) ACE inhibitors
c) Beta-blockers
d) Diuretics

Answer: b) ACE inhibitors
In a child with nephrotic syndrome, which test is used to assess the degree of proteinuria?
a) Urine dipstick
b) Urine culture
c) Serum creatinine
d) Renal ultrasound

Answer: a) Urine dipstick
Which syndrome is characterized by congenital renal and hearing abnormalities?
a) Alport syndrome
b) Turner syndrome
c) Williams syndrome
d) Klinefelter syndrome

Answer: a) Alport syndrome
Which imaging test is most useful for evaluating renal blood flow and function in children?
a) MRI
b) CT scan
c) Renal scintigraphy
d) X-ray

Answer: c) Renal scintigraphy
Which laboratory test is important for monitoring children undergoing dialysis?
a) Serum potassium
b) Urine glucose
c) Serum calcium
d) Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

Answer: a) Serum potassium
A child with a history of recurrent pyelonephritis and abnormal renal function tests is most likely to have:
a) Chronic kidney disease
b) Acute glomerulonephritis
c) Renal cysts
d) Nephrotic syndrome

Answer: a) Chronic kidney disease
What is a key feature of congenital nephrotic syndrome?
a) Present at birth
b) Develops after age 2
c) Responsive to corticosteroids
d) Usually self-limiting

Answer: a) Present at birth
Which of the following is an early sign of acute kidney injury in children?
a) Elevated blood pressure
b) Oliguria
c) Edema
d) Hypercalcemia

Answer: b) Oliguria
What is the primary cause of renal failure in children with congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT)?
a) Obstructive uropathy
b) Glomerulonephritis
c) Renal dysplasia
d) Vesicoureteral reflux

Answer: a) Obstructive uropathy
Which condition is most commonly associated with hematuria in children?
a) UTI
b) Nephrotic syndrome
c) Hypertension
d) Renal stones

Answer: a) UTI
In children with chronic kidney disease, which of the following is a common metabolic complication?
a) Metabolic acidosis
b) Hyperlipidemia
c) Hyperkalemia
d) Hypernatremia

Answer: a) Metabolic acidosis

What is the standard first-line treatment for hypertension in children with renal impairment?
a) Diuretics
b) ACE inhibitors
c) Beta-blockers
d) Calcium channel blockers

Answer: b) ACE inhibitors
Which of the following conditions is characterized by hematuria and a history of exposure to nephrotoxic agents?
a) Acute tubular necrosis
b) Minimal change disease
c) Chronic glomerulonephritis
d) Acute pyelonephritis

Answer: a) Acute tubular necrosis
Which type of nephrotic syndrome is least responsive to steroid therapy?
a) Minimal change disease
b) Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
c) Membranous nephropathy
d) IgA nephropathy

Answer: b) Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
Which type of renal cystic disease is commonly seen in infants?
a) Multicystic dysplastic kidney
b) Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
c) Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease
d) Simple renal cysts

Answer: a) Multicystic dysplastic kidney
What is the key diagnostic feature of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) affecting the kidneys in children?
a) Hematuria and proteinuria
b) Elevated blood urea nitrogen
c) Hypercalcemia
d) Elevated serum creatinine

Answer: a) Hematuria and proteinuria
Which of the following is a common consequence of long-term peritoneal dialysis in children?
a) Abdominal hernias
b) Renal stones
c) Hypertension
d) Hyperkalemia

Answer: a) Abdominal hernias
Which condition presents with abdominal pain, hematuria, and a palpable abdominal mass in children?
a) Wilms’ tumor
b) Neuroblastoma
c) Rhabdomyosarcoma
d) Hepatoblastoma

Answer: a) Wilms’ tumor
Which genetic condition is associated with the development of cystic kidneys in children?
a) Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
b) Down syndrome
c) Turner syndrome
d) Klinefelter syndrome

Answer: a) Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
Which of the following is a common early symptom of acute kidney injury in children?
a) Polyuria
b) Decreased urine output
c) Edema
d) Jaundice

Answer: b) Decreased urine output
Which condition is characterized by renal colic, hematuria, and stone formation in the kidneys?
a) Renal stones
b) Glomerulonephritis
c) Nephrotic syndrome
d) Chronic kidney disease

Answer: a) Renal stones
A child presents with recurrent abdominal pain, hematuria, and a history of recent streptococcal infection. The likely diagnosis is:
a) Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
b) Nephrotic syndrome
c) Urinary tract infection
d) Wilms’ tumor

Answer: a) Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
Which type of renal transplantation is generally preferred in children?
a) Cadaveric kidney transplantation
b) Living donor kidney transplantation
c) Dual kidney transplantation
d) Laparoscopic kidney transplantation

Answer: b) Living donor kidney transplantation
What is a typical finding in the urine of a child with minimal change disease?
a) High specific gravity
b) Proteinuria
c) Blood
d) Glucose

Answer: b) Proteinuria
Which condition is commonly associated with the presence of casts in the urine?
a) Acute glomerulonephritis
b) Nephrotic syndrome
c) Urinary tract infection
d) Kidney stones

Answer: a) Acute glomerulonephritis
What is the most common cause of hypertension in children with chronic kidney disease?
a) Fluid overload
b) Hypercalcemia
c) Hyperkalemia
d) Anemia

Answer: a) Fluid overload
Which of the following conditions can cause a delay in growth and development in children with chronic kidney disease?
a) Secondary hyperparathyroidism
b) Metabolic acidosis
c) Anemia
d) All of the above

Answer: d) All of the above
Which condition is associated with a low urinary concentrating ability in children?
a) Chronic kidney disease
b) Nephrotic syndrome
c) Acute kidney injury
d) Renal tubular acidosis

Answer: d) Renal tubular acidosis
Which of the following is a common treatment option for children with vesicoureteral reflux?
a) Antibiotic prophylaxis
b) Surgical correction
c) Steroid therapy
d) Dialysis

Answer: a) Antibiotic prophylaxis
Which condition is most likely to cause a urinary tract infection in children?
a) Vesicoureteral reflux
b) Nephrotic syndrome
c) Renal stone
d) Glomerulonephritis

Answer: a) Vesicoureteral reflux
What is the primary cause of congenital renal anomalies in children?
a) Genetic mutations
b) Environmental factors
c) Infections
d) Trauma

Answer: a) Genetic mutations
Which of the following is a common manifestation of renal tubular acidosis in children?
a) Growth retardation
b) Hyperuricemia
c) Hypertension
d) Dehydration

Answer: a) Growth retardation

Pediatric Nephrology MCQs

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