1. What is the primary feature of apoptosis?
a) Cell swelling
b) Nuclear fragmentation
c) Inflammation
d) Necrosis
Answer: b) Nuclear fragmentation
2. Which of the following is a common sign of inflammation?
a) Cyanosis
b) Edema
c) Jaundice
d) Anemia
Answer: b) Edema
3. What type of necrosis is associated with tuberculosis?
a) Liquefactive necrosis
b) Caseous necrosis
c) Coagulative necrosis
d) Fat necrosis
Answer: b) Caseous necrosis
4. Which cells are primarily involved in chronic inflammation?
a) Neutrophils
b) Eosinophils
c) Macrophages
d) Platelets
Answer: c) Macrophages
5. What is the term for abnormal tissue growth?
a) Hyperplasia
b) Atrophy
c) Metaplasia
d) Dysplasia
Answer: d) Dysplasia
6. Which of the following is a hallmark of cancer cells?
a) Apoptosis
b) Contact inhibition
c) Uncontrolled proliferation
d) Normal differentiation
Answer: c) Uncontrolled proliferation
7. What type of hypersensitivity reaction involves IgE antibodies?
a) Type I hypersensitivity
b) Type II hypersensitivity
c) Type III hypersensitivity
d) Type IV hypersensitivity
Answer: a) Type I hypersensitivity
8. Which type of immune cell is primarily responsible for graft rejection?
a) B cells
b) T cells
c) Macrophages
d) Mast cells
Answer: b) T cells
9. What is the primary cause of atherosclerosis?
a) Bacterial infection
b) Viral infection
c) Lipid accumulation
d) Autoimmune reaction
Answer: c) Lipid accumulation
10. What is the defining feature of malignant tumors?
a) Encapsulation
b) Localized growth
c) Invasive growth
d) Well-differentiated cells
Answer: c) Invasive growth
11. Which of the following is a common benign tumor of the liver?
a) Hepatocellular carcinoma
b) Hepatic adenoma
c) Hepatoblastoma
d) Cholangiocarcinoma
Answer: b) Hepatic adenoma
12. What is the most common type of lung cancer?
a) Small cell lung cancer
b) Squamous cell carcinoma
c) Adenocarcinoma
d) Large cell carcinoma
Answer: c) Adenocarcinoma
13. Which genetic mutation is commonly associated with breast cancer?
a) BRCA1
b) p53
c) HER2
d) KRAS
Answer: a) BRCA1
14. What is the primary feature of granulomatous inflammation?
a) Presence of neutrophils
b) Presence of granulomas
c) Absence of macrophages
d) Acute onset
Answer: b) Presence of granulomas
15. What is the characteristic feature of amyloidosis?
a) Excessive fat deposition
b) Abnormal protein accumulation
c) Genetic mutations
d) Viral infection
Answer: b) Abnormal protein accumulation
16. Which condition is characterized by the replacement of normal tissue with fibrous connective tissue?
a) Atrophy
b) Hyperplasia
c) Metaplasia
d) Fibrosis
Answer: d) Fibrosis
17. What is the term for the spread of cancer cells to distant sites?
a) Metastasis
b) Invasion
c) Proliferation
d) Differentiation
Answer: a) Metastasis
18. Which type of necrosis is associated with pancreatic damage?
a) Caseous necrosis
b) Fat necrosis
c) Coagulative necrosis
d) Liquefactive necrosis
Answer: b) Fat necrosis
19. What is the primary difference between benign and malignant tumors?
a) Tumor size
b) Tumor location
c) Tumor differentiation
d) Tumor growth rate
Answer: c) Tumor differentiation
20. What is the key feature of granulocytes?
a) Large nucleus
b) Granules in the cytoplasm
c) Absence of granules
d) Ability to produce antibodies
Answer: b) Granules in the cytoplasm
21. Which disease is characterized by an accumulation of copper in tissues?
a) Hemochromatosis
b) Wilson’s disease
c) Cystic fibrosis
d) Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
Answer: b) Wilson’s disease
22. What is the characteristic cell type in Hodgkin’s lymphoma?
a) Reed-Sternberg cells
b) Lymphoblasts
c) Plasma cells
d) T-helper cells
Answer: a) Reed-Sternberg cells
23. Which condition is characterized by the formation of cysts in the kidneys?
a) Polycystic kidney disease
b) Chronic kidney disease
c) Acute kidney injury
d) Glomerulonephritis
Answer: a) Polycystic kidney disease
24. What is the primary pathology in emphysema?
a) Bronchoconstriction
b) Destruction of alveolar walls
c) Excessive mucus production
d) Inflammation of bronchi
Answer: b) Destruction of alveolar walls
25. What is the characteristic feature of SLE (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus)?
a) Joint pain
b) Butterfly rash
c) Cough
d) Weight loss
Answer: b) Butterfly rash
26. What is the main pathology associated with rheumatoid arthritis?
a) Bone marrow failure
b) Joint inflammation
c) Skeletal muscle degeneration
d) Pancreatic dysfunction
Answer: b) Joint inflammation
27. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction involves immune complex deposition?
a) Type I hypersensitivity
b) Type II hypersensitivity
c) Type III hypersensitivity
d) Type IV hypersensitivity
Answer: c) Type III hypersensitivity
28. What is the hallmark of chronic bronchitis?
a) Hyperinflation of the lungs
b) Persistent cough with mucus
c) Destruction of alveoli
d) Wheezing
Answer: b) Persistent cough with mucus
29. Which condition is associated with a deficiency of alpha-1 antitrypsin?
a) Emphysema
b) Cystic fibrosis
c) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
d) Tuberculosis
Answer: a) Emphysema
30. What is the primary pathological feature of multiple sclerosis?
a) Demyelination of neurons
b) Neuronal loss
c) Synaptic dysfunction
d) Axonal swelling
Answer: a) Demyelination of neurons
31. What is the characteristic finding in cirrhosis of the liver?
a) Liver enlargement
b) Fibrous scar tissue
c) Increased bile production
d) Absence of liver cells
Answer: b) Fibrous scar tissue
32. What is the main feature of ischemic necrosis?
a) Increased blood flow
b) Decreased oxygen supply
c) High glucose levels
d) Elevated white blood cells
Answer: b) Decreased oxygen supply
33. What type of cancer is associated with Epstein-Barr virus?
a) Burkitt lymphoma
b) Liver cancer
c) Lung cancer
d) Melanoma
Answer: a) Burkitt lymphoma
34. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction involves cytotoxic T cells?
a) Type I hypersensitivity
b) Type II hypersensitivity
c) Type III hypersensitivity
d) Type IV hypersensitivity
Answer: d) Type IV hypersensitivity
35. What is the primary pathology of tuberculosis?
a) Acute bacterial infection
b) Chronic granulomatous inflammation
c) Viral infection
d) Autoimmune reaction
Answer: b) Chronic granulomatous inflammation
36. Which type of tumor is derived from mesodermal tissues?
a) Carcinoma
b) Sarcoma
c) Lymphoma
d) Leukemia
Answer: b) Sarcoma
37. What is the key histological feature of Hodgkin’s lymphoma?
a) Reed-Sternberg cells
b) Neutrophilic infiltrate
c) Plasma cell proliferation
d) Granulomas
Answer: a) Reed-Sternberg cells
38. Which condition is characterized by the accumulation of iron in tissues?
a) Hemochromatosis
b) Wilson’s disease
c) Cystic fibrosis
d) Amyloidosis
Answer: a) Hemochromatosis