History of lithography

Lithography is a printing technique that has been employed for centuries to create images or designs on a flat, specially prepared surface.
The technique of lithography was originated in the late 18th century had revolutionized the world of art and commercial printing.
Lithography is widely used for artistic purposes, for creating detailed and high-quality reproductions of images and text.
It relies on the principles of chemical repellence between water and oil-based inks.

Here is a table showing the detailed history of lithography.

Year	Event
Late 18th Century	· Alois Senefelder accidentally discovers lithographic process
Early 19th Century	· Senefelder publishes his book named A Complete Course of lithography in 1818 which leads to spreading knowledge of the process.
1810s-1820s	· Lithography gains popularity for commercial printing, art reproduction, and illustrated publications.
1830s	· Color lithography is developed, allowing multiple colors to be printed from separate stones.
Mid-19th Century	· Development of chromolithography enhances color printing and quality
Late 19th to Early 20th Century	· Offset lithography was invented which enabled higher-speed printing and larger print runs.
20th Century	· Lithography remains a key printing technique which was used for books, magazines, packaging, fine art, and more.

Invention of Lithography

Name of inventor	· Alois Senefelder
Year of invention	· Around 1796
Date of birth	· November 6, 1771
Date of death:	· February 26, 1834
Nationality:	· German
Contribution towards lithography	· Alois Senefelder, a German playwright and actor, discovered the lithographic printing process while seeking a cost-effective way to publish his plays.
Initial experiment	· He initially experimented with limestone and greasy inks which leads to the development of lithography.
First Lithograph	· First lithograph, created around 1796, was an experimental piece that involved a simple depiction of a man and woman.

Steps involved	Description
Step 1: Lithographic Drawing	· Creation of the initial image using greasy materials like ink, crayon, or pencil on the printing surface.
Step 2: Chemical Treatment	· Treating the surface with water and etching solution to establish hydrophilic and hydrophobic areas.
Step 3: Inking	· Applying oil-based ink to the prepared surface, with ink adhering to the greasy image areas.
Step 4: Transfer to Paper	· Placing of paper on the inked surface and use a press to transfer the inked image onto the paper.
Step 5: Color Separation	· Separate the image into color components for separate printing from different plates for color lithography.
Step 6: Offset Lithography	· For modern lithography, use an intermediate cylinder to transfer ink from the printing surface to the paper.
Step 7: Plate Preparation	· For offset lithography, create a plate with a rubber or polymer surface to transfer ink from the surface to paper.

Types of Lithography	Description
Traditional Lithography	· It is original form of lithography that involves drawing of an image onto a prepared stone or metal plate and followed by printing.
Color Lithography	· Uses multiple plates, each inked with a different color, to reproduce vibrant and accurate colors in the final print.
Offset Lithography	· It uses a polymer surface to transfer the image from the plate to paper thus increasing the speed.
Photolithography	· It uses light-sensitive chemicals to transfer a pattern onto a substrate. · It is used in microfabrication and electronics.
Digital Lithography	· Utilizes digital technology for creating and transferring images.
Planographic Lithography	· It emphasizes the balance between the ink-accepting and water-accepting areas of the plate for a smooth printing.
Modern Lithography	· It involves various digital and advanced techniques which are being used in modern printing.