Difference between mutualism and commensalism

By: Prof. Dr. Fazal Rehman | Last updated: February 3, 2024

Let me share with you a difference between mutualism and commensalism.

Aspect Mutualism Commensalism
Introduction A type of relationship in which both species get benefit from each other. A type of relationship in which one species get benefits  and the other species  is neither benefited nor harmed
Dependency High mutual dependence Lower dependence
Evolutionary significance Often leads to coevolution, where both species evolve adaptations to enhance mutual benefits Less likely may lead to coevolution in some cases
Cost to participants Participants incur a cost for the benefit of the partner, but the overall result is positive The benefiting species gains without imposing significant costs or benefits on the other
Specificity Can be highly specific, with each partner having evolved specific adaptations for the other Can be less specific, with the benefiting species exploiting various hosts or environments
Duration Usually involves close and long-term interactions Can be more temporary or opportunistic, depending on circumstances
Examples ·        Pollination by animals (e.g., bees and flowers)

·        Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in legume roots

·        Human gut bacteria aiding in digestion

·        Birds nesting in trees without affecting the trees

·        Remoras hitching a ride on sharks

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