| Class |
Magnoliopsida |
Liliopsida |
| Number of Cotyledons |
Two cotyledons |
One cotyledon |
| Stem Vascular Bundles |
Arranged in a ring |
Scattered throughout the stem |
| Root Development |
Taproot system (main root with lateral roots) |
Fibrous root system (thin, branching roots) |
| Vascular Tissue Arrangement |
Vascular bundles often arranged in a circle |
Vascular bundles scattered throughout the stem |
| Flower Parts in Multiples of |
4 or 5 (often in multiples of 4 or 5) |
3 (often in multiples of 3) |
| Pollen Grain Aperture |
Three apertures |
One aperture |
| Secondary Growth |
Often present |
Typically limited |
| Vascular Cambium |
Often present |
Usually limited or absent |
| Position of cotyledon |
Cotyledons emerge above the ground during germination |
Cotyledon remains below the ground during germination |
| Leaf Venation |
Net-like venation in leaves |
Parallel venation in leaves |
| Arrangement of vascular bundle |
Circular or in a ring in the stem |
Scattered vascular bundles in the stem |
| Examples |
· Roses
· Sunflowers
· oaks |
· Orchids
· lilies
· grasses |
