Which of the following is not an involuntary action?

By: Prof. Dr. Fazal Rehman | Last updated: February 3, 2024

QUESTION:  Which of the following is not an involuntary action?

A  Vomiting

B   Salivation

C  Heartbeat

D  Chewing

ANSWER:    Chewing

Characteristic Voluntary Actions Involuntary Actions
Introduction Those actions which are under conscious control and initiated by an individual’s intention.

This allows them to modify or stop the action as needed.

Those actions which occur without conscious control.
Control Under conscious control and decision No conscious control or decision
Initiated by Initiated by the individual’s will or intention Often initiated by reflexes, automatic responses or external stimuli
Awareness The individual is aware of and can consciously modify or stop the action Typically occur without the individual’s conscious awareness or control
Examples ·        Chewing

·        Walking

·        Talking

·        Writing

·        Eating

·        Heartbeat

·        Digestion

·        Reflexes (e.g., knee-jerk reflex) Pupillary reflex

·        Vomiting

·        Salivation

Nervous System Central Nervous System (CNS) Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) and Reflex Arcs
Neural Regulation Controlled by the somatic nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord Controlled by the autonomic nervous system
Adaptability Can be adapted or modified based on changing circumstances or intentions Generally less adaptable to conscious modification
Complexity Can range from simple to highly complex actions Often involve basic and essential bodily functions
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