Pass-by-Value
In this approach, the function receives a copy of the hours and minutes, so any changes made within the function do not affect the original variables.
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#include <iostream> using namespace std; // Function to determine AM or PM (pass-by-value) void determineAMPM(int hours, int minutes) { if (hours >= 0 && hours < 12) { cout << (hours == 0 ? 12 : hours) << ":" << (minutes < 10 ? "0" : "") << minutes << " AM" << endl; } else if (hours >= 12 && hours < 24) { cout << (hours == 12 ? 12 : hours - 12) << ":" << (minutes < 10 ? "0" : "") << minutes << " PM" << endl; } else { cout << "Invalid hour value!" << endl; } } int main() { int hours, minutes; cout << "Enter hours (0-23): "; cin >> hours; cout << "Enter minutes (0-59): "; cin >> minutes; determineAMPM(hours, minutes); return 0; } |
Pass-by-Reference
In this approach, the function receives references to hours and minutes, allowing any changes made within the function to affect the original variables.
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#include <iostream> using namespace std; // Function to determine AM or PM (pass-by-reference) void determineAMPM(int& hours, int& minutes) { if (hours >= 0 && hours < 12) { cout << (hours == 0 ? 12 : hours) << ":" << (minutes < 10 ? "0" : "") << minutes << " AM" << endl; } else if (hours >= 12 && hours < 24) { cout << (hours == 12 ? 12 : hours - 12) << ":" << (minutes < 10 ? "0" : "") << minutes << " PM" << endl; } else { cout << "Invalid hour value!" << endl; } } int main() { int hours, minutes; cout << "Enter hours (0-23): "; cin >> hours; cout << "Enter minutes (0-59): "; cin >> minutes; determineAMPM(hours, minutes); return 0; } |
Explanation
- Pass-by-Value: The
determineAMPMfunction receives copies ofhoursandminutes. It performs the AM/PM conversion logic based on these copies. The original variables inmainare not modified. - Pass-by-Reference: The
determineAMPMfunction receives references tohoursandminutes. This allows the function to work directly with the variables frommain. However, in this case, there are no modifications tohoursandminutes, so the effect of pass-by-reference is similar to pass-by-value.
Sample Output
Assuming you enter 14 for hours and 30 for minutes:
For Pass-by-Value:
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Enter hours (0-23): 14 Enter minutes (0-59): 30 2:30 PM |
For Pass-by-Reference:
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Enter hours (0-23): 14 Enter minutes (0-59): 30 2:30 PM |