Nephrology MCQs

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1. The functional unit of the kidney is:



2. Which hormone is produced by the kidney?



3. Normal glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in adults is approximately:



4. The most common cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) worldwide is:



5. Which electrolyte imbalance is most common in chronic kidney disease?



6. The most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults is:



7. Which is the hallmark of nephrotic syndrome?

9. The most common type of kidney stone is:



10. Which diuretic acts on the loop of Henle?



11. Which imaging modality is most sensitive for detecting kidney stones?



12. The triad of hematuria, flank pain, and abdominal mass is characteristic of:



13. Which antibody is associated with Goodpasture’s syndrome?



14. Which electrolyte imbalance is common in tumor lysis syndrome?



15. The gold standard test for measuring GFR is:



16. Which condition shows “cola-colored urine”?



17. Which drug is nephrotoxic?



18. Which disease is characterized by multiple renal cysts?



19. Which renal complication is common in SLE?



20. Which hormone regulates water reabsorption in the kidney?



21. Which test detects microalbuminuria?



22. The most common cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) is:



23. Which diuretic is potassium-sparing?



24. Which test is used to confirm diagnosis of renal artery stenosis?



25. Which drug is contraindicated in bilateral renal artery stenosis?



26. Which kidney disease shows “spike and dome” appearance on EM?



27. Which renal pathology is associated with HIV?



28. Which stone is associated with infection by urease-producing bacteria?



29. Which drug is used to prevent uric acid stones?



30. Which drug is used to treat hyperkalemia?



31. Which electrolyte imbalance causes peaked T waves?



32. Which test best assesses renal function?



33. Which drug causes SIADH?



34. Hemodialysis is indicated when GFR falls below:



35. Which test is gold standard for diagnosing renal tuberculosis?



36. Which renal disease is most common in children?



37. Which kidney disease is associated with Hepatitis B?



38. Which kidney disease is associated with Hepatitis C?



39. Which condition shows “tram-track” appearance on EM?



40. Which condition presents with oliguria, azotemia, and edema?



41. Which is the earliest marker of diabetic nephropathy?



42. Which drug reduces proteinuria in diabetic nephropathy?



43. Which condition shows “waxing and waning” casts in urine?



44. Which diuretic is used in cerebral edema?



45. Which condition presents with polyuria, polydipsia, and dilute urine?



46. Which electrolyte imbalance causes muscle weakness and arrhythmias?



47. Which drug is ototoxic and nephrotoxic?



48. Which condition shows enlarged kidneys with cysts and liver involvement?



49. Which acid–base disturbance is common in CKD?



50. Which renal disease is associated with palpable purpura and IgA deposition?



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