What is the basic unit of heredity?
a) Chromosome
b) Gene
c) DNA
d) RNA
Answer: b) Gene
What is the process of transferring genetic material from one generation to the next called?
a) Mutation
b) Genetic recombination
c) Heredity
d) Evolution
Answer: c) Heredity
Which term describes the physical appearance or expression of a gene?
a) Genotype
b) Phenotype
c) Allele
d) Locus
Answer: b) Phenotype
What are alternative forms of a gene called?
a) Chromosomes
b) Traits
c) Alleles
d) Genotypes
Answer: c) Alleles
What is the genotype of an organism with two identical alleles for a particular trait?
a) Heterozygous
b) Homozygous
c) Hemizygous
d) Diploid
Answer: b) Homozygous
What is the genotype of an organism with two different alleles for a particular trait?
a) Heterozygous
b) Homozygous
c) Hemizygous
d) Diploid
Answer: a) Heterozygous
Which term refers to the genetic makeup of an organism?
a) Phenotype
b) Allele
c) Genotype
d) Trait
Answer: c) Genotype
In a dihybrid cross, what is the expected phenotypic ratio for the F2 generation?
a) 1:1
b) 3:1
c) 9:3:3:1
d) 1:2:1
Answer: c) 9:3:3:1
What is a Punnett square used to determine?
a) The genotype of an organism
b) The probability of offspring inheriting particular traits
c) The physical traits of an organism
d) The mutation rate in DNA
Answer: b) The probability of offspring inheriting particular traits
Which law states that alleles for different traits are passed independently of one another?
a) Law of Segregation
b) Law of Independent Assortment
c) Law of Dominance
d) Law of Uniformity
Answer: b) Law of Independent Assortment
What is the term for a genetic condition caused by the presence of an extra chromosome?
a) Monosomy
b) Trisomy
c) Deletion
d) Duplication
Answer: b) Trisomy
Which genetic disorder is caused by a single gene mutation and characterized by the absence of an enzyme needed to break down phenylalanine?
a) Cystic fibrosis
b) Sickle cell anemia
c) Phenylketonuria (PKU)
d) Hemophilia
Answer: c) Phenylketonuria (PKU)
What is a carrier in genetic terms?
a) An individual who expresses a recessive trait
b) An individual with two identical alleles for a trait
c) An individual with one recessive and one dominant allele for a trait
d) An individual with no genetic abnormalities
Answer: c) An individual with one recessive and one dominant allele for a trait
Which type of inheritance pattern is characterized by the expression of both alleles in a heterozygote?
a) Dominant inheritance
b) Recessive inheritance
c) Codominance
d) Incomplete dominance
Answer: c) Codominance
What does the term ‘complete dominance’ mean in genetics?
a) Both alleles are expressed equally in the phenotype
b) One allele completely masks the effect of another allele
c) Both alleles contribute to the phenotype
d) The phenotype is a blend of both alleles
Answer: b) One allele completely masks the effect of another allele
Which type of mutation results in the substitution of one amino acid for another in a protein?
a) Silent mutation
b) Missense mutation
c) Nonsense mutation
d) Frameshift mutation
Answer: b) Missense mutation
What is the role of DNA polymerase in DNA replication?
a) To unwind the DNA double helix
b) To synthesize new DNA strands
c) To join Okazaki fragments
d) To degrade RNA
Answer: b) To synthesize new DNA strands
Which type of mutation results in the premature termination of a protein?
a) Silent mutation
b) Missense mutation
c) Nonsense mutation
d) Frameshift mutation
Answer: c) Nonsense mutation
Which type of genetic variation involves the addition or deletion of nucleotides in a DNA sequence?
a) Point mutation
b) Frameshift mutation
c) Silent mutation
d) Missense mutation
Answer: b) Frameshift mutation
What is a genotype?
a) The physical appearance of an organism
b) The genetic makeup of an organism
c) The observable traits of an organism
d) The environment of an organism
Answer: b) The genetic makeup of an organism
Which process describes the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis?
a) Crossing over
b) Independent assortment
c) Mutation
d) Gene flow
Answer: a) Crossing over
What is a karyotype?
a) A visual representation of an organism’s genetic material
b) The complete set of an organism’s genes
c) The process of cell division
d) The sequence of DNA nucleotides
Answer: a) A visual representation of an organism’s genetic material
Which type of genetic analysis is used to determine the likelihood of inheriting a genetic disorder?
a) Genetic screening
b) Karyotyping
c) Gene therapy
d) PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)
Answer: a) Genetic screening
What is the term for the genetic exchange between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes?
a) Genetic recombination
b) Mutation
c) Duplication
d) Translocation
Answer: a) Genetic recombination
Which genetic disorder is characterized by a deletion of a portion of the short arm of chromosome 5?
a) Down syndrome
b) Turner syndrome
c) Cri du chat syndrome
d) Klinefelter syndrome
Answer: c) Cri du chat syndrome
Which type of inheritance pattern involves a trait being expressed in a heterozygote that is intermediate between the two homozygous phenotypes?
a) Complete dominance
b) Codominance
c) Incomplete dominance
d) Epistasis
Answer: c) Incomplete dominance
What is the purpose of a test cross in genetics?
a) To determine the genotype of an organism with a dominant phenotype
b) To determine the presence of mutations
c) To map genes on a chromosome
d) To identify genetic disorders
Answer: a) To determine the genotype of an organism with a dominant phenotype
Which process involves the transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another through a plasmid?
a) Conjugation
b) Transformation
c) Transduction
d) Replication
Answer: a) Conjugation
What is the purpose of gene therapy?
a) To correct or replace defective genes
b) To increase genetic variation
c) To enhance gene expression
d) To clone organisms
Answer: a) To correct or replace defective genes
Which of the following describes the complete set of genes or genetic material present in a cell or organism?
a) Genome
b) Karyotype
c) Transcriptome
d) Epigenome
Answer: a) Genome
What is the term for the condition where one gene affects the expression of another gene?
a) Epistasis
b) Codominance
c) Incomplete dominance
d) Pleiotropy
Answer: a) Epistasis
Which of the following is an example of a sex-linked trait?
a) Eye color
b) Height
c) Hemophilia
d) Blood type
Answer: c) Hemophilia
Which term describes the situation when an organism has three copies of a chromosome instead of the usual two?
a) Monosomy
b) Trisomy
c) Tetrasomy
d) Nullisomy
Answer: b) Trisomy
What is the term for the random distribution of maternal and paternal chromosomes into gametes?
a) Crossing over
b) Independent assortment
c) Mutation
d) Gene flow
Answer: b) Independent assortment
What is the main purpose of a pedigree chart?
a) To track inheritance patterns of traits within a family
b) To determine the genetic makeup of an individual
c) To analyze gene expression levels
d) To identify gene mutations
Answer: a) To track inheritance patterns of traits within a family
Which type of genetic variation occurs due to a change in a single nucleotide base?
a) Point mutation
b) Inversion
c) Duplication
d) Translocation
Answer: a) Point mutation
What is the term for the process by which a single gene influences multiple phenotypic traits?
a) Pleiotropy
b) Epistasis
c) Polygenic inheritance
d) Codominance
Answer: a) Pleiotropy
Which genetic disorder is caused by a mutation in the CFTR gene and results in thick mucus production in the lungs?
a) Sickle cell disease
b) Cystic fibrosis
c) Huntington’s disease
d) Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Answer: b) Cystic fibrosis
Which term describes the phenomenon where one gene can suppress or enhance the expression of another gene?
a) Epistasis
b) Codominance
c) Incomplete dominance
d) Polygenic inheritance
Answer: a) Epistasis
What is the term for an observable characteristic of an organism that is determined by both genotype and environment?
a) Phenotype
b) Genotype
c) Allele
d) Trait
Answer: a) Phenotype
Which term describes the exchange of genetic material between non-homologous chromosomes?
a) Translocation
b) Inversion
c) Duplication
d) Crossing over
Answer: a) Translocation
Which type of genetic analysis is used to amplify specific DNA sequences?
a) Gene therapy
b) PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)
c) Karyotyping
d) Gel electrophoresis
Answer: b) PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)
What is the term for the situation when one gene masks the effect of another gene at a different locus?
a) Epistasis
b) Codominance
c) Incomplete dominance
d) Pleiotropy
Answer: a) Epistasis
Which genetic disorder is characterized by a change in a single nucleotide in the hemoglobin gene, leading to sickle-shaped red blood cells?
a) Cystic fibrosis
b) Sickle cell anemia
c) Huntington’s disease
d) Down syndrome
Answer: b) Sickle cell anemia
What is the term for the condition where an organism has an abnormal number of chromosomes?
a) Aneuploidy
b) Polyploidy
c) Monosomy
d) Trisomy
Answer: a) Aneuploidy
Which term describes the process by which genetic information is transferred from DNA to RNA?
a) Transcription
b) Translation
c) Replication
d) Mutation
Answer: a) Transcription
What is the term for a genetic mutation that results in a segment of DNA being copied more than once?
a) Duplication
b) Deletion
c) Inversion
d) Translocation
Answer: a) Duplication
Which of the following is an example of a recessive genetic disorder?
a) Huntington’s disease
b) Hemophilia
c) Tay-Sachs disease
d) Marfan syndrome
Answer: c) Tay-Sachs disease
What is the term for the genetic process that involves the synthesis of proteins from mRNA templates?
a) Translation
b) Replication
c) Transcription
d) Splicing
Answer: a) Translation
Which type of genetic mutation changes the number of copies of a particular gene or chromosomal segment?
a) Duplication
b) Inversion
c) Translocation
d) Point mutation
Answer: a) Duplication
