- What does the term ‘mean’ refer to in statistics?
a) Median
b) Mode
c) Average
d) Range
Answer: c) Average - Which measure of central tendency is most affected by outliers?
a) Mean
b) Median
c) Mode
d) Variance
Answer: a) Mean - In a normal distribution, what percentage of data falls within one standard deviation of the mean?
a) 50%
b) 68%
c) 95%
d) 99%
Answer: b) 68% - Which statistical test is used to compare the means of two independent groups?
a) Chi-square test
b) t-test
c) ANOVA
d) Pearson correlation
Answer: b) t-test - The probability of making a Type I error is denoted by which Greek letter?
a) α (Alpha)
b) β (Beta)
c) γ (Gamma)
d) δ (Delta)
Answer: a) α (Alpha) - Which of the following is a measure of variability?
a) Mean
b) Mode
c) Standard deviation
d) Median
Answer: c) Standard deviation - What does the p-value represent in hypothesis testing?
a) Probability of the null hypothesis being true
b) Probability of observing the data if the null hypothesis is true
c) Probability of making a Type II error
d) Probability of making a Type I error
Answer: b) Probability of observing the data if the null hypothesis is true - Which test would be appropriate for analyzing the relationship between two categorical variables?
a) t-test
b) ANOVA
c) Chi-square test
d) Pearson correlation
Answer: c) Chi-square test - In a regression analysis, what does R² represent?
a) The correlation between two variables
b) The proportion of variance explained by the model
c) The standard error of the estimate
d) The slope of the regression line
Answer: b) The proportion of variance explained by the model - What is the primary purpose of a confidence interval?
a) To estimate a population parameter
b) To test a hypothesis
c) To calculate the standard deviation
d) To determine sample size
Answer: a) To estimate a population parameter - Which of the following is a non-parametric test?
a) t-test
b) ANOVA
c) Mann-Whitney U test
d) Pearson correlation
Answer: c) Mann-Whitney U test - What does the term ‘bias’ refer to in statistics?
a) Random error in measurement
b) Systematic error in measurement
c) Variability in sample data
d) Correctness of a statistical model
Answer: b) Systematic error in measurement - Which of the following represents the middle value in a data set when arranged in ascending order?
a) Mean
b) Median
c) Mode
d) Range
Answer: b) Median - In a scatter plot, what does the direction of the trend line indicate?
a) Strength of correlation
b) Type of relationship between variables
c) Mean of the data
d) Standard deviation of the data
Answer: b) Type of relationship between variables - What is the purpose of a hypothesis test in biostatistics?
a) To estimate population parameters
b) To determine if there is enough evidence to reject a null hypothesis
c) To calculate descriptive statistics
d) To find the correlation between variables
Answer: b) To determine if there is enough evidence to reject a null hypothesis - Which type of error is associated with failing to reject a false null hypothesis?
a) Type I error
b) Type II error
c) Type III error
d) Type IV error
Answer: b) Type II error - What does the term ‘sample size’ refer to in a study?
a) The number of variables measured
b) The number of observations collected
c) The range of data
d) The mean of the data
Answer: b) The number of observations collected - Which statistical measure is used to describe the spread of data around the mean?
a) Mean
b) Mode
c) Variance
d) Median
Answer: c) Variance - What does the term ‘statistical significance’ mean?
a) The result is important in real-world terms
b) The result is unlikely to have occurred by chance
c) The result confirms a hypothesis
d) The result is always accurate
Answer: b) The result is unlikely to have occurred by chance - What is the primary difference between parametric and non-parametric tests?
a) Parametric tests require assumptions about the data distribution, while non-parametric tests do not
b) Parametric tests are used for categorical data, while non-parametric tests are used for numerical data
c) Non-parametric tests are more powerful than parametric tests
d) Parametric tests are always more accurate than non-parametric tests
Answer: a) Parametric tests require assumptions about the data distribution, while non-parametric tests do not - Which measure is used to describe the relationship between two variables?
a) Mean
b) Median
c) Correlation coefficient
d) Standard deviation
Answer: c) Correlation coefficient - What is the purpose of random sampling in statistical studies?
a) To ensure all participants have the same characteristics
b) To make the sample representative of the population
c) To avoid collecting data
d) To control for experimental variables
Answer: b) To make the sample representative of the population - Which of the following is NOT a measure of central tendency?
a) Mean
b) Median
c) Mode
d) Standard deviation
Answer: d) Standard deviation - In a box plot, what do the whiskers represent?
a) The median of the data
b) The range of the data
c) The interquartile range
d) The standard deviation
Answer: b) The range of the data - Which statistical test is used to compare the means of more than two groups?
a) t-test
b) Chi-square test
c) ANOVA
d) Mann-Whitney U test
Answer: c) ANOVA - What does a high value of the correlation coefficient indicate?
a) No relationship between the variables
b) A weak relationship between the variables
c) A strong relationship between the variables
d) An insignificant relationship between the variables
Answer: c) A strong relationship between the variables - Which measure indicates the average distance of each data point from the mean?
a) Range
b) Standard deviation
c) Median
d) Variance
Answer: b) Standard deviation - What does a skewed distribution indicate?
a) Symmetry in the data
b) A normal distribution
c) Asymmetry in the data
d) The mean equals the median
Answer: c) Asymmetry in the data - Which of the following is a parametric test?
a) Mann-Whitney U test
b) Kruskal-Wallis test
c) t-test
d) Wilcoxon signed-rank test
Answer: c) t-test - What is a null hypothesis?
a) A hypothesis that there is an effect or difference
b) A hypothesis that there is no effect or difference
c) A hypothesis that confirms the research hypothesis
d) A hypothesis that is always accepted
Answer: b) A hypothesis that there is no effect or difference - Which of the following is a characteristic of a binomial distribution?
a) Continuous data
b) Fixed number of trials
c) Variable number of trials
d) Unrestricted outcomes
Answer: b) Fixed number of trials - What is the term for the average of squared deviations from the mean?
a) Variance
b) Standard deviation
c) Mean
d) Median
Answer: a) Variance - In which situation would a chi-square test be appropriate?
a) Comparing means of two groups
b) Assessing the relationship between two categorical variables
c) Measuring the strength of correlation
d) Analyzing variance
Answer: b) Assessing the relationship between two categorical variables - Which term describes a sample that does not accurately represent the population?
a) Random sample
b) Biased sample
c) Stratified sample
d) Systematic sample
Answer: b) Biased sample - What is a type of non-parametric test used for comparing two related samples?
a) t-test
b) Wilcoxon signed-rank test
c) ANOVA
d) Chi-square test
Answer: b) Wilcoxon signed-rank test - Which measure is used to describe the distribution of data around the median?
a) Range
b) Variance
c) Interquartile range
d) Standard deviation
Answer: c) Interquartile range - What does a high p-value indicate in hypothesis testing?
a) Strong evidence against the null hypothesis
b) Weak evidence against the null hypothesis
c) Strong evidence for the null hypothesis
d) No evidence against the null hypothesis
Answer: b) Weak evidence against the null hypothesis - What is the purpose of stratified sampling?
a) To sample only a portion of the population
b) To ensure each subgroup is adequately represented
c) To collect data randomly
d) To control for confounding variables
Answer: b) To ensure each subgroup is adequately represented - What does the term ‘outlier’ refer to in a data set?
a) A data point that is close to the mean
b) A data point that falls within the interquartile range
c) A data point that significantly differs from other observations
d) A data point that is the median
Answer: c) A data point that significantly differs from other observations - Which measure of central tendency is least affected by extreme values?
a) Mean
b) Median
c) Mode
d) Range
Answer: b) Median - Which test is used to assess the differences between more than two groups when the data is not normally distributed?
a) t-test
b) ANOVA
c) Kruskal-Wallis test
d) Chi-square test
Answer: c) Kruskal-Wallis test - What is a key assumption of parametric tests?
a) Data follows a normal distribution
b) Data is categorical
c) Data is non-normally distributed
d) Data does not need to be homogeneous
Answer: a) Data follows a normal distribution - What is the purpose of using a control group in experimental research?
a) To manipulate the independent variable
b) To ensure that the results are not due to chance
c) To compare with the experimental group and evaluate the effect of the treatment
d) To eliminate any confounding variables
Answer: c) To compare with the experimental group and evaluate the effect of the treatment - What is the formula for calculating the standard deviation?
a) √(Sum of squared deviations / Number of observations)
b) Sum of squared deviations / Number of observations
c) √(Sum of deviations / Number of observations)
d) Sum of deviations / Number of observations
Answer: a) √(Sum of squared deviations / Number of observations) - What is the key feature of a Poisson distribution?
a) It describes the number of successes in a fixed number of trials
b) It describes the time between events in a fixed interval
c) It describes the number of events occurring in a fixed interval of time or space
d) It describes the relationship between two continuous variables
Answer: c) It describes the number of events occurring in a fixed interval of time or space - Which statistical measure provides information about the strength and direction of a linear relationship between two variables?
a) Mean
b) Correlation coefficient
c) Median
d) Variance
Answer: b) Correlation coefficient - What does a 95% confidence interval mean?
a) There is a 95% chance that the sample mean is within the interval
b) There is a 95% chance that the population mean falls within the interval
c) There is a 95% chance that the sample mean falls within the interval
d) There is a 95% chance that the data is normally distributed
Answer: b) There is a 95% chance that the population mean falls within the interval - What is the term for the difference between the observed and expected frequencies in a chi-square test?
a) Residual
b) Standard deviation
c) Mean difference
d) Variance
Answer: a) Residual - Which type of sampling ensures that every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected?
a) Stratified sampling
b) Systematic sampling
c) Simple random sampling
d) Convenience sampling
Answer: c) Simple random sampling - What does the term ‘degrees of freedom’ refer to in statistical tests?
a) The number of independent pieces of information used to estimate a parameter
b) The number of variables in the analysis
c) The total number of observations
d) The number of observations minus one
Answer: a) The number of independent pieces of information used to estimate a parameter
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