- In biology, AMP stands for Adenosine Monophosphate.
- Its IUPAC name is 5′-Adenylic acid
- It is composed of three main components:
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- A nucleobase, adenine
- Ribose sugar
- Single phosphate group
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- Enzyme: Adenylate Kinase
- Reaction: ADP + ADP ⇌ AMP + ATP
- Hydrolysis of ATP
- Reaction: ATP + H₂O → AMP + PPᵢ (inorganic pyrophosphate)
- Enzyme: 5′-Nucleotidase
- Reaction: AMP + H₂O → Adenosine + Pᵢ (inorganic phosphate
| Property | Description |
| Full form of AMP | · Adenosine Monophosphate |
| Structure | · Adenine base · Ribose sugar · Phosphate group |
| Cellular Location | · Found in the cytoplasm and various cellular compartments |
| Synthesis | · Synthesized within cells through various enzymatic reactions |
| Molecular Formula | · C10H14N5O7P |
| Molecular Weight | · 347.22 g/mol |
| Density | · 2.32 g/mL |
| Solubility | · Soluble in water |
| Acidity (pKa values) | · Phosphate group pKa values: 1.0, 2.0, and 6.6 |
| Stability | · Stable under normal physiological conditions |
| Role in Cellular Processes | · Precursor for ADP and ATP · Participates in cellular signaling and regulation · Involved in energy metabolism |
| Role in Cellular Signaling | · Acts as a secondary messenger in signal transduction pathways |
| Energy Storage and Transfer | · Serves as a low-energy form in the energy transfer processes |
| Building block of nucleic Acid | · A component used to synthesize RNA during transcription |
| Role as a substrate | · Substrate for various enzymes involved in cellular processes |
| Molecule | AMP | ADP | ATP |
| Full form | Adenosine monophosphate | Adenosine diphosphate | Adenosine triphosphate |
| Structure | Adenine + ribose + 1 phosphate | Adenine + ribose + 2 phosphates | Adenine + ribose + 3 phosphates |
| Molecular Formula | C10H14N5O7P | C10H15N5O10P2 | C10H16N5O13P3 |
| Energy level | Low energy | Intermediate energy | High energy |
| Energy Storage/Transfer | Not a primary energy carrier | Stores and transfers energy | Primary energy carrier in the cells |
| Role | Precursor for ADP and ATP | Participates in cellular energy metabolism Acts as an energy carrier | Supplies energy for cellular processes Muscle contractions, biosynthesis process |
| Phosphate Bonds | One phosphate bond | Two phosphate bonds | Three phosphate bonds |
| Cellular Function | Acts as a signaling molecule and participates in RNA synthesis | Involved in coupling exergonic reactions to endergonic reactions | Serves as an energy currency in the cells |
| Hydrolysis | Hydrolyzed to form ADP | Hydrolyzes to AMP | Hydrolyzes to ADP or AMP depending on the reaction |
| Property | AMP | cAMP |
| Full form | Adenosine Monophosphate | Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate |
| Chemical Formula | C10H14N5O7P | C10H12N5O6P |
| Formation | Addition of a phosphate group to adenosine by a kinase enzyme | Formed by the action of Adenylate cyclase which converts AMP to cAMP |
| Role in Cellular Signaling | Acts as a secondary messenger in some of the signaling pathways in the cells | Acts as a secondary messenger in many of the signaling pathways of cells |
| Role as Second Messenger | Not considered a second messenger | one of the most important second messengers in cellular signaling |
| Function in Signaling | Participates in various cellular processes as a precursor to ADP and ATP | Amplifies intracellular signals and mediates responses to hormones and stimuli |
| Intracellular Target | May act on different intracellular targets depending on the pathway | Activates Protein Kinase A (PKA), which triggers downstream signaling events |
| Action on Cellular Processes | Has a regulatory role in some metabolic pathways and signal transduction pathways | Regulates gene expression Metabolism Cell growth and differentiation |
| Regulation by Phosphodiesterase | Degradation by Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) | Rapidly degraded by Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) to terminate its signaling effects |
| Action time | Generally, short-lived signaling effects | Usually has a more prolonged signaling effect due to its resistance to degradation |
| Examples | Present in cellular energy metabolism and nucleic acid synthesis | Plays important role in various signaling pathways |