1. What is the primary focus of cognitive psychology?
A) Understanding emotions
B) Studying mental processes such as perception and memory
C) Analyzing social behavior
D) Examining brain structures
Answer: B) Studying mental processes such as perception and memory
2. Who is considered the father of psychoanalysis?
A) Carl Rogers
B) Sigmund Freud
C) B.F. Skinner
D) John Watson
Answer: B) Sigmund Freud
3. What term describes a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus?
A) Classical conditioning
B) Operant conditioning
C) Observational learning
D) Insight learning
Answer: A) Classical conditioning
4. What is the primary purpose of the defense mechanism known as repression?
A) To express emotions outwardly
B) To forget distressing memories
C) To adapt to new environments
D) To strengthen relationships
Answer: B) To forget distressing memories
5. In which stage of development did Erik Erikson propose that individuals face the challenge of “integrity vs. despair”?
A) Adolescence
B) Young adulthood
C) Middle adulthood
D) Late adulthood
Answer: D) Late adulthood
6. What type of reinforcement schedule provides rewards after a fixed number of responses?
A) Variable ratio
B) Fixed ratio
C) Variable interval
D) Fixed interval
Answer: B) Fixed ratio
7. What is the main focus of humanistic psychology?
A) The study of unconscious drives
B) The impact of social and cultural factors
C) The innate drive for self-actualization and personal growth
D) The analysis of observable behavior
Answer: C) The innate drive for self-actualization and personal growth
8. What does the term “cognitive dissonance” refer to?
A) A state of mental fatigue
B) The discomfort experienced when holding conflicting beliefs
C) The process of forgetting information
D) The difficulty in making decisions
Answer: B) The discomfort experienced when holding conflicting beliefs
9. What is the focus of behavioral psychology?
A) Mental processes and internal experiences
B) Observable behaviors and learning processes
C) Brain chemistry and neurotransmitters
D) Social interactions and group dynamics
Answer: B) Observable behaviors and learning processes
10. What psychological concept involves the tendency to attribute one’s own negative traits to others?
A) Projection
B) Displacement
C) Sublimation
D) Rationalization
Answer: A) Projection
11. In which part of the brain is the hippocampus primarily located?
A) Frontal lobe
B) Temporal lobe
C) Parietal lobe
D) Occipital lobe
Answer: B) Temporal lobe
12. What does the term “self-efficacy” refer to in psychology?
A) The belief in one’s ability to succeed in specific situations
B) The awareness of one’s self-image
C) The ability to empathize with others
D) The desire to achieve self-fulfillment
Answer: A) The belief in one’s ability to succeed in specific situations
13. What is the main focus of social psychology?
A) Individual mental health
B) The influence of social interactions and group dynamics
C) The biological basis of behavior
D) Cognitive processes and memory
Answer: B) The influence of social interactions and group dynamics
14. What term describes the phenomenon where people conform to group norms even when they privately disagree?
A) Groupthink
B) Social facilitation
C) Cognitive bias
D) Role conflict
Answer: A) Groupthink
15. What is the primary goal of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)?
A) To explore unconscious conflicts
B) To change maladaptive thought patterns and behaviors
C) To enhance self-awareness
D) To improve interpersonal relationships
Answer: B) To change maladaptive thought patterns and behaviors
16. What does the term “operant conditioning” involve?
A) Learning through associations
B) Learning through rewards and punishments
C) Learning through observation
D) Learning through insight
Answer: B) Learning through rewards and punishments
17. Which theory posits that behavior is motivated by the pursuit of pleasure and avoidance of pain?
A) Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
B) Freud’s pleasure principle
C) Bandura’s social learning theory
D) Rogers’ self-actualization theory
Answer: B) Freud’s pleasure principle
18. What is the “placebo effect”?
A) Improvement in symptoms due to the expectation of treatment
B) A type of cognitive bias
C) A form of operant conditioning
D) A psychological defense mechanism
Answer: A) Improvement in symptoms due to the expectation of treatment
19. What term describes the psychological tendency to seek out information that confirms preexisting beliefs?
A) Confirmation bias
B) Self-serving bias
C) Fundamental attribution error
D) Hindsight bias
Answer: A) Confirmation bias
20. What concept involves the idea that people are motivated by a hierarchy of needs, starting with basic physiological needs?
A) Self-determination theory
B) Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
C) Erikson’s stages of development
D) Skinner’s operant conditioning
Answer: B) Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
21. What is the primary focus of developmental psychology?
A) The study of behavior in adulthood
B) The study of changes in behavior and mental processes over a lifespan
C) The study of mental disorders
D) The study of sensory perception
Answer: B) The study of changes in behavior and mental processes over a lifespan
22. What is “latent learning”?
A) Learning that occurs without reinforcement and becomes apparent later
B) Learning through imitation
C) Learning through direct experience
D) Learning that occurs instantly
Answer: A) Learning that occurs without reinforcement and becomes apparent later
23. What is the term for a deep, sustained emotional response to a significant life event?
A) Mood
B) Emotion
C) Affect
D) Feeling
Answer: B) Emotion
24. What is “imprinting” in the context of developmental psychology?
A) A type of early attachment seen in some animals
B) The formation of abstract concepts
C) The development of social skills
D) The reinforcement of behavior
Answer: A) A type of early attachment seen in some animals
25. What is the main idea behind Albert Bandura’s social learning theory?
A) Behavior is shaped through direct reinforcement
B) Behavior is influenced by observing and imitating others
C) Behavior is a result of innate drives
D) Behavior is influenced by unconscious conflicts
Answer: B) Behavior is influenced by observing and imitating others
26. What term describes the psychological phenomenon where people perform better on tasks in the presence of others?
A) Social facilitation
B) Social loafing
C) Group polarization
D) Bystander effect
Answer: A) Social facilitation
27. What does “self-actualization” refer to in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
A) The need for safety and security
B) The need for social belonging
C) The fulfillment of personal potential and growth
D) The need for physiological survival
Answer: C) The fulfillment of personal potential and growth
28. What is the term for the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors?
A) False consensus effect
B) Self-serving bias
C) Fundamental attribution error
D) Sunk cost fallacy
Answer: A) False consensus effect
29. What is the primary focus of clinical psychology?
A) Conducting research on cognitive processes
B) Diagnosing and treating mental health disorders
C) Studying animal behavior
D) Exploring human development
Answer: B) Diagnosing and treating mental health disorders
30. What does “emotional intelligence” refer to?
A) The ability to solve complex mathematical problems
B) The capacity to recognize, understand, and manage emotions
C) The skill of learning new languages
D) The ability to recall detailed information
Answer: B) The capacity to recognize, understand, and manage emotions
31. What is the primary goal of the “biopsychosocial model” in psychology?
A) To study brain structures
B) To integrate biological, psychological, and social factors in understanding behavior
C) To explore unconscious drives
D) To focus solely on cognitive processes
Answer: B) To integrate biological, psychological, and social factors in understanding behavior
32. What does “resilience” refer to in psychology?
A) The ability to recover quickly from adversity
B) The tendency to avoid stress
C) The process of forming new habits
D) The capacity to perform well under pressure
Answer: A) The ability to recover quickly from adversity
33. What is the term for the psychological phenomenon where people are more likely to help others in an emergency when they are alone?
A) Bystander effect
B) Social loafing
C) Diffusion of responsibility
D) Groupthink
Answer: A) Bystander effect
34. What type of learning occurs when an individual observes the consequences of another’s behavior and adjusts their own behavior accordingly?
A) Observational learning
B) Classical conditioning
C) Operant conditioning
D) Insight learning
Answer: A) Observational learning
35. What psychological term describes the tendency to attribute one’s own success to internal factors and failures to external factors?
A) Self-serving bias
B) Fundamental attribution error
C) Cognitive dissonance
D) Hindsight bias
Answer: A) Self-serving bias
36. What is “attitude” in the context of psychology?
A) A temporary emotional state
B) A long-lasting evaluation of people, objects, or ideas
C) A form of cognitive bias
D) An innate personality trait
Answer: B) A long-lasting evaluation of people, objects, or ideas
37. What is the primary goal of developmental psychology research?
A) To understand how people change and grow over their lifetime
B) To focus on the treatment of mental disorders
C) To study the impact of genetics on behavior
D) To examine brain functions
Answer: A) To understand how people change and grow over their lifetime
38. What term describes a psychological state of being emotionally upset or disturbed?
A) Stress
B) Anxiety
C) Depression
D) Distress
Answer: D) Distress
39. What is the “halo effect” in psychology?
A) The tendency to let an overall impression of a person influence specific judgments about them
B) The process of forming a balanced view of others
C) The tendency to focus on negative traits
D) The effect of observing others’ behavior on one’s own behavior
Answer: A) The tendency to let an overall impression of a person influence specific judgments about them
40. What does “cognitive behavioral therapy” (CBT) aim to address?
A) Unconscious conflicts and past experiences
B) Irrational and maladaptive thoughts and behaviors
C) Biological imbalances and brain chemistry
D) Emotional and interpersonal issues
Answer: B) Irrational and maladaptive thoughts and behaviors
41. What psychological phenomenon involves the tendency to believe that past events were more predictable than they actually were?
A) Hindsight bias
B) Confirmation bias
C) Self-fulfilling prophecy
D) False consensus effect
Answer: A) Hindsight bias
42. What is “group polarization”?
A) The tendency for group discussion to lead to more extreme positions
B) The tendency to avoid conflict in groups
C) The process of individuals conforming to group norms
D) The increase in individual performance in a group setting
Answer: A) The tendency for group discussion to lead to more extreme positions
43. What is “social loafing”?
A) The tendency for individuals to exert less effort when working in a group
B) The tendency to work harder in a group
C) The tendency to avoid social interactions
D) The process of individuals adapting to group norms
Answer: A) The tendency for individuals to exert less effort when working in a group
44. What term describes the mental process of organizing and interpreting sensory information?
A) Perception
B) Sensation
C) Attention
D) Memory
Answer: A) Perception
45. What is “empathy” in the context of psychology?
A) The ability to understand and share the feelings of another person
B) The ability to predict future behaviors
C) The process of recalling past experiences
D) The tendency to be self-centered
Answer: A) The ability to understand and share the feelings of another person
46. What concept describes the mental shortcuts that people use to make judgments quickly and efficiently?
A) Heuristics
B) Biases
C) Schemas
D) Attributions
Answer: A) Heuristics
47. What is “motivation” in psychology?
A) The process of memory recall
B) The physiological response to stress
C) The drive to achieve goals and fulfill needs
D) The ability to solve complex problems
Answer: C) The drive to achieve goals and fulfill needs
48. What is “dissonance reduction”?
A) The process of minimizing psychological discomfort caused by conflicting beliefs
B) The method of increasing cognitive coherence
C) The tendency to amplify conflicts
D) The strategy of reinforcing existing beliefs
Answer: A) The process of minimizing psychological discomfort caused by conflicting beliefs
49. What does “observational learning” involve?
A) Learning through direct experience
B) Learning by watching others and imitating their behavior
C) Learning through verbal instructions
D) Learning by trial and error
Answer: B) Learning by watching others and imitating their behavior
50. What is “sublimation” in the context of defense mechanisms?
A) Channeling unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable activities
B) Repressing distressing thoughts
C) Displacing emotions onto others
D) Rationalizing inappropriate behavior
Answer: A) Channeling unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable activities
51. What term refers to the psychological process of adapting to new information or experiences?
A) Accommodation
B) Assimilation
C) Generalization
D) Discrimination
Answer: A) Accommodation
52. What is the “fundamental attribution error”?
A) The tendency to attribute others’ behavior to internal factors while ignoring situational influences
B) The tendency to overestimate the impact of situational factors on one’s own behavior
C) The tendency to attribute one’s own behavior to external factors
D) The tendency to recall information more easily when it is relevant to oneself
Answer: A) The tendency to attribute others’ behavior to internal factors while ignoring situational influences
53. What is “cognitive restructuring” in therapy?
A) The process of changing maladaptive thought patterns
B) The process of reinforcing desired behaviors
C) The process of uncovering unconscious conflicts
D) The process of forming new habits
Answer: A) The process of changing maladaptive thought patterns
54. What does “self-fulfilling prophecy” refer to?
A) The phenomenon where expectations about a person lead to behaviors that confirm those expectations
B) The tendency to underestimate one’s own abilities
C) The process of setting unrealistic goals
D) The tendency to avoid challenging tasks
Answer: A) The phenomenon where expectations about a person lead to behaviors that confirm those expectations
55. What is “metacognition”?
A) Thinking about one’s own thinking processes
B) The ability to recall information accurately
C) The process of learning from experience
D) The capacity to solve complex problems
Answer: A) Thinking about one’s own thinking processes
56. What does “behavioral activation” aim to address in therapy?
A) Decreasing avoidance behaviors and increasing engagement in meaningful activities
B) Exploring past trauma
C) Identifying cognitive distortions
D) Improving interpersonal relationships
Answer: A) Decreasing avoidance behaviors and increasing engagement in meaningful activities
57. What is “attachment theory”?
A) A theory that explores the bonds between infants and caregivers
B) A theory that examines social interactions in adulthood
C) A theory that focuses on cognitive development
D) A theory that studies the effects of environmental stressors
Answer: A) A theory that explores the bonds between infants and caregivers
58. What does the “theory of mind” refer to?
A) The ability to understand that others have their own thoughts, beliefs, and desires
B) The ability to solve complex cognitive tasks
C) The ability to recall past experiences
D) The ability to predict future events
Answer: A) The ability to understand that others have their own thoughts, beliefs, and desires
59. What is “reciprocal determinism” in Bandura’s social learning theory?
A) The concept that behavior, personal factors, and environment all influence each other
B) The idea that behavior is determined solely by external rewards
C) The notion that behavior is shaped only by genetic factors
D) The belief that personal factors are the primary determinants of behavior
Answer: A) The concept that behavior, personal factors, and environment all influence each other
60. What does “psychological resilience” involve?
A) The ability to cope with stress and recover from adversity
B) The capacity to avoid negative emotions
C) The skill of problem-solving
D) The process of forming new habits
Answer: A) The ability to cope with stress and recover from adversity
61. What is “positive reinforcement”?
A) The introduction of a pleasant stimulus to increase a behavior
B) The removal of an unpleasant stimulus to increase a behavior
C) The introduction of an unpleasant stimulus to decrease a behavior
D) The removal of a pleasant stimulus to decrease a behavior
Answer: A) The introduction of a pleasant stimulus to increase a behavior
62. What does “mindfulness” involve?
A) The practice of being fully present and engaged in the current moment
B) The process of analyzing past experiences
C) The ability to predict future events
D) The tendency to avoid stressful situations
Answer: A) The practice of being fully present and engaged in the current moment
63. What is “cognitive bias”?
A) A systematic pattern of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment
B) The ability to recall detailed information
C) The tendency to be overly optimistic
D) The process of learning from experience
Answer: A) A systematic pattern of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment
64. What does “assertiveness” refer to in psychology?
A) The ability to communicate one’s needs and desires confidently and respectfully
B) The process of avoiding conflict
C) The tendency to be passive in social situations
D) The ability to persuade others
Answer: A) The ability to communicate one’s needs and desires confidently and respectfully
65. What is the “zebras effect” in psychology?
A) The tendency for people to expect complex explanations for simple phenomena
B) The observation that people tend to seek out complex solutions for simple problems
C) The inclination to focus on and worry about minor issues
D) The phenomenon of overcomplicating straightforward situations
Answer: A) The tendency for people to expect complex explanations for simple phenomena
66. What does “social comparison” involve?
A) The process of evaluating oneself relative to others
B) The tendency to conform to group norms
C) The ability to empathize with others
D) The process of improving self-esteem
Answer: A) The process of evaluating oneself relative to others
67. What is “confirmation bias”?
A) The tendency to search for, interpret, and remember information in a way that confirms one’s preexisting beliefs
B) The tendency to avoid confirming one’s beliefs
C) The process of challenging one’s own assumptions
D) The tendency to seek out contradictory information
Answer: A) The tendency to search for, interpret, and remember information in a way that confirms one’s preexisting beliefs
68. What does “behavioral genetics” study?
A) The role of genetic and environmental factors in shaping behavior
B) The influence of social and cultural factors on behavior
C) The impact of cognitive processes on behavior
D) The study of brain chemistry and behavior
Answer: A) The role of genetic and environmental factors in shaping behavior
69. What is “systematic desensitization” used to treat?
A) Phobias and anxiety disorders
B) Depression and mood disorders
C) Cognitive distortions
D) Relationship issues
Answer: A) Phobias and anxiety disorders
70. What does “theory of planned behavior” propose?
A) Behavior is determined by intentions, attitudes, and perceived behavioral control
B) Behavior is influenced by unconscious drives
C) Behavior is shaped through observational learning
D) Behavior is primarily influenced by genetic factors
Answer: A) Behavior is determined by intentions, attitudes, and perceived behavioral control
71. What is “learned helplessness”?
A) A condition in which individuals believe they have no control over their situation and stop trying
B) A state of high motivation and perseverance
C) The ability to adapt to changing circumstances
D) The tendency to seek out new challenges
Answer: A) A condition in which individuals believe they have no control over their situation and stop trying
72. What does “self-perception theory” suggest?
A) People infer their own attitudes and feelings by observing their own behavior
B) People form attitudes based on social influence
C) People are motivated by the desire to be consistent
D) People change their attitudes based on external rewards
Answer: A) People infer their own attitudes and feelings by observing their own behavior
73. What is “depersonalization” in psychology?
A) A feeling of detachment from oneself or one’s surroundings
B) The process of developing a strong sense of identity
C) The tendency to avoid social interactions
D) The act of focusing on others’ emotions
Answer: A) A feeling of detachment from oneself or one’s surroundings
74. What does “role conflict” refer to?
A) The tension between different roles that an individual occupies
B) The difficulty in establishing personal goals
C) The process of forming new relationships
D) The challenge of managing time effectively
Answer: A) The tension between different roles that an individual occupies
75. What is “emotional regulation”?
A) The process of managing and modifying emotional responses
B) The tendency to avoid emotional experiences
C) The ability to predict future emotions
D) The practice of expressing emotions openly
Answer: A) The process of managing and modifying emotional responses
76. What does “eclectic approach” in therapy involve?
A) Using a combination of different therapeutic techniques and theories
B) Focusing solely on cognitive techniques
C) Emphasizing behavioral interventions exclusively
D) Applying psychoanalytic concepts only
Answer: A) Using a combination of different therapeutic techniques and theories
77. What is “emotional contagion”?
A) The process by which emotions spread from one person to another
B) The tendency to suppress emotions
C) The ability to manage one’s own emotions
D) The practice of expressing emotions to others
Answer: A) The process by which emotions spread from one person to another
78. What does “cognitive load” refer to?
A) The amount of mental effort required to process information
B) The capacity to recall detailed information
C) The tendency to focus on negative aspects of a situation
D) The ability to multitask effectively
Answer: A) The amount of mental effort required to process information
79. What is “interpersonal effectiveness” in psychology?
A) The ability to communicate and interact effectively with others
B) The skill of managing one’s own emotions
C) The capacity to solve complex problems
D) The tendency to adapt to new environments
Answer: A) The ability to communicate and interact effectively with others
80. What does “personal identity” refer to?
A) The unique set of characteristics and experiences that define an individual
B) The ability to conform to social norms
C) The process of forming close relationships
D) The tendency to change behavior based on situational factors
Answer: A) The unique set of characteristics and experiences that define an individual
81. What is the currency of Japan?
A) Yen
B) Dollar
C) Euro
D) Won
Answer: A) Yen
82. Who is the current President of Pakistan?
A) Arif Alvi
B) Imran Khan
C) Asif Ali Zardari
D) Pervez Musharraf
Answer: A) Arif Alvi
83. Which country is known as the “Land of the Rising Sun”?
A) China
B) India
C) Japan
D) South Korea
Answer: C) Japan
84. What is the smallest country in the world by land area?
A) Monaco
B) Vatican City
C) San Marino
D) Liechtenstein
Answer: B) Vatican City
85. What is the value of π (pi) to two decimal places?
A) 3.12
B) 3.14
C) 3.16
D) 3.18
Answer: B) 3.14
86. Which planet is known as the “Giant Red Spot”?
A) Jupiter
B) Saturn
C) Mars
D) Neptune
Answer: A) Jupiter
87. What is the main function of the kidneys in the human body?
A) To produce hormones
B) To filter waste from the blood
C) To digest food
D) To regulate body temperature
Answer: B) To filter waste from the blood
88. What does “HTML” stand for in computing?
A) Hypertext Markup Language
B) Hypertext Multi-language
C) High-level Text Markup Language
D) Hyperlink Text Markup Language
Answer: A) Hypertext Markup Language
89. In which city is the Eiffel Tower located?
A) London
B) Paris
C) Rome
D) Berlin
Answer: B) Paris
90. What is the main purpose of photosynthesis in plants?
A) To produce energy from sunlight
B) To absorb water from the soil
C) To release oxygen
D) To transport nutrients
Answer: A) To produce energy from sunlight
91. Which language is primarily spoken in Brazil?
A) Spanish
B) Portuguese
C) French
D) English
Answer: B) Portuguese
92. Who is known as the “Father of the Nation” in Pakistan?
A) Liaquat Ali Khan
B) Allama Iqbal
C) Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
D) Muhammad Ali Jinnah
Answer: D) Muhammad Ali Jinnah
93. What is the capital city of Australia?
A) Sydney
B) Melbourne
C) Brisbane
D) Canberra
Answer: D) Canberra
94. What is the basic unit of heredity in genetics?
A) Gene
B) Chromosome
C) DNA
D) RNA
Answer: A) Gene
95. Which historical event is celebrated on the 14th of August in Pakistan?
A) Republic Day
B) Independence Day
C) Labour Day
D) Founders’ Day
Answer: B) Independence Day
96. Which of the following is a common computer input device?
A) Monitor
B) Printer
C) Keyboard
D) Speaker
Answer: C) Keyboard
97. What is the boiling point of water at sea level in Celsius?
A) 50°C
B) 75°C
C) 100°C
D) 150°C
Answer: C) 100°C
98. What is the term for a word that has the opposite meaning of another word?
A) Synonym
B) Antonym
C) Homonym
D) Hyponym
Answer: B) Antonym
99. In which region is the Sahara Desert located?
A) South America
B) Australia
C) Africa
D) Asia
Answer: C) Africa
100. What does “RAM” stand for in computer terminology?
A) Random Access Memory
B) Read-Only Memory
C) Rapid Access Memory
D) Real-time Application Memory
Answer: A) Random Access Memory