| Introduction |
· GERD which is commonly known as Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease.
· It is chronic digestive disorder that involves the frequent backflow of stomach acid and sometimes, undigested food, into the esophagus. |
| Causes |
· Weakening of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) which causes stomach acid to flow upward.
· Spicy foods
· Obesity
· Pregnancy
· Smoking
· Hiatal hernia
· Certain medications
· Genetics
· Alcohol |
| Symptoms |
· Heartburn
· Regurgitation
· Chest pain
· Difficulty swallowing or dysphagia
· Sour taste in the mouth
· Chronic cough
· Hoarseness |
| Diagnosis |
· Clinical Assessment: Based on symptoms, medical history, and risk factors.
· Endoscopy: Visual examination of the esophagus using a thin tube with a camera (endoscope).
· pH Monitoring: Measures acid levels in the esophagus over 24 hours.
· Barium Swallow: X-ray with contrast dye to visualize the esophagus.
· Esophageal Manometry: It is a swallowing test that measures esophageal muscle contractions. |
| Treatment |
· Medications: Antacids, H2 blockers, Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs).
· Surgery: For severe cases not responding to other treatments.
· Lifestyle Changes: Elevating head during sleep, weight loss, avoiding trigger foods, smaller meals and quitting smoking. |
| Preventive measures |
· Maintain a Healthy Weight as excess weight can contribute to GERD.
· Avoid Trigger Foods such as fatty, fried, spicy, and acidic foods as well as caffeine and alcohol.
· Eat Smaller Meals as it can reduce the pressure on the lower esophagus sphincter.
· Quit Smoking because Smoking weakens the lower esophagus sphincter.
· Keep your head elevated during sleep.
· Avoid Late Meals and eat at least 2-3 hours before lying down on the bed. |
| Duration of Healing |
· Immediate relief from symptoms might be noticed within days to a few weeks after starting medication.
· Complete healing process of esophagus inflammation can take several weeks to months. |
| Personal Factors |
· Healing varies based on severity of the disease
· Individual response to treatment
· Underlying health status |
| Age-related risk groups for GERD |
· Older Adults: As people age, the muscles including the LES can weaken, increasing the risk of reflux and GERD symptoms.
· Infants and Children: GERD can occur in infants and children due to an immature digestive system, which may lead to spitting up and discomfort. |
| Long-Term Management |
· Long term management of GERD involves ongoing lifestyle changes
· Possible medication and regular follow-ups. |
| Complications risks associated with GERD |
· Untreated GERD can lead to esophagitis
· Barrett’s esophagus or increasing risk of cancer
· Strictures (narrowing)
· Respiratory issues due to acid aspiration |
