Physiology (Physiotherapy-focused) – MCQs

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1. Which is the functional unit of the kidney?



2. The normal resting heart rate in adults is:



3. The sliding filament theory explains:



4. Which ion is essential for muscle contraction?



5. Which neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction?



6. The cardiac pacemaker is located in:



7. The volume of air inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing is:



8. The normal tidal volume in adults is approximately:



9. The primary energy source during high-intensity exercise is:



10. Which vitamin is essential for calcium absorption?



11. Oxygen is transported in the blood mainly bound to:



12. Which part of the brain regulates respiration?



13. Normal blood pH is:



14. Which type of muscle is involuntary and striated?



15. The neurotransmitter involved in Parkinson’s disease deficiency is:



16. Stroke volume refers to:



17. Cardiac output is calculated as:



18. Which hormone regulates blood sugar by lowering glucose?



19. Which hormone increases blood calcium levels?



20. Normal systolic blood pressure in adults is about:



21. Which blood cells are responsible for immunity?



22. Which blood cells are responsible for clotting?



23. The largest part of the brain is:



24. Which part of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for “fight or flight”?



25. Which is the functional unit of the nervous system?



26. The refractory period in muscle contraction refers to:



27. The Bohr effect refers to:



28. Which structure is called the “powerhouse of the cell”?



29. The primary function of ATP is:



30. During exercise, lactic acid is formed due to:



31. Which lung volume cannot be measured by a spirometer?



32. The Frank-Starling law relates to:



33. Which electrolyte imbalance causes muscle cramps?



34. The synapse is the junction between:



35. Which type of muscle fibers are fatigue-resistant?



36. Which hormone regulates water balance?



37. Which part of the ECG represents ventricular depolarization?



38. Which vitamin is essential for blood clotting?



39. Which mineral is stored in bone and important for contraction?



40. Hyperventilation causes:



41. The refractory period in the heart prevents:



42. Which organ produces bile?



43. Which digestive enzyme breaks down starch?



44. Which is the primary respiratory muscle?



45. Which hormone regulates metabolism?



46. The normal respiratory rate in adults is:



47. Which brain lobe controls voluntary movement?



48. Which hormone is secreted by the adrenal medulla?



49. Which cranial nerve regulates heart rate and digestion?



50. Which physiological principle explains muscle hypertrophy after exercise?



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