1. : Coral reefs are primarily built by:
(A) Coral polyps
(B) Algae
(C) Sea anemones
(D) Mollusks
2. : Which of the following is a major threat to coral reefs?
(A) Coral bleaching
(B) Seaweed growth
(C) Ocean currents
(D) Coastal erosion
3. : Mangroves are uniquely adapted to:
(A) Tidal fluctuations and saline conditions
(B) Deep-sea environments
(C) Cold temperatures
(D) High-altitude habitats
4. : Seagrass beds provide which of the following ecosystem services?
(A) Habitat for marine life and water filtration
(B) Soil formation
(C) Climate regulation
(D) Coastal erosion control
5. : The primary producers in seagrass beds are:
(A) Seagrasses
(B) Algae
(C) Phytoplankton
(D) Coral polyps
6. : Coral reefs are often found in which type of water?
(A) Warm, shallow, tropical waters
(B) Cold, deep waters
(C) Brackish waters
(D) High-salinity waters
7. : Which of the following is a key function of mangrove forests?
(A) Coastal protection and sediment trapping
(B) Deep-sea exploration
(C) Marine navigation
(D) Coral reef formation
8. : What is a major impact of coastal development on mangroves?
(A) Habitat loss and degradation
(B) Increased nutrient levels
(C) Changes in ocean currents
(D) Increased species diversity
9. : Which organism often forms mutualistic relationships with coral polyps?
(A) Zooxanthellae
(B) Sea stars
(C) Jellyfish
(D) Sea cucumbers
10. : Seagrass beds are important for which aspect of marine life?
(A) Nursery grounds for fish
(B) Whale migration
(C) Deep-sea mining
(D) Coastal tourism
11. : Coral reefs are known for their:
(A) High biodiversity
(B) Low biodiversity
(C) High salinity
(D) Cold temperatures
12. : Which of the following species is commonly found in mangrove forests?
(A) Mangrove monitor
(B) Polar bear
(C) Emperor penguin
(D) Snow leopard
13. : Seagrasses contribute to which of the following environmental processes?
(A) Carbon sequestration
(B) Soil erosion
(C) Ice formation
(D) Desertification
14. : Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of coral reefs?
(A) High water temperature
(B) Low light penetration
(C) Complex three-dimensional structure
(D) High nutrient availability
15. : Mangroves are critical for:
(A) Protecting coastal areas from storm surges
(B) Desertification control
(C) Mountain ecosystem stability
(D) Ice shelf maintenance
16. : Which factor is most likely to cause coral bleaching?
(A) Elevated sea temperatures
(B) Increased salinity
(C) High nutrient levels
(D) Strong ocean currents
17. : Which of the following is a primary threat to seagrass beds?
(A) Water pollution and coastal development
(B) High predation rates
(C) Oceanic currents
(D) Ice formation
18. : Coral reefs are most commonly located in:
(A) Tropical and subtropical regions
(B) Polar regions
(C) Temperate regions
(D) Deep-sea regions
19. : Which of the following contributes to the decline of coral reefs?
(A) Overfishing and pollution
(B) Increased marine biodiversity
(C) Coral reproduction
(D) Reef restoration
20. : Mangrove trees are adapted to deal with:
(A) Saline water and fluctuating tides
(B) High altitude and low temperatures
(C) Desert conditions
(D) High mineral content in soil
21. : Which marine plant is essential for stabilizing sediments in coastal areas?
(A) Seagrass
(B) Kelp
(C) Phytoplankton
(D) Algae
22. : What type of habitat do coral reefs provide for many marine species?
(A) Complex, structured habitat
(B) Open ocean habitat
(C) Abyssal plain habitat
(D) Estuarine habitat
23. : Which of the following is a key ecological role of mangroves?
(A) Acting as a buffer against coastal erosion
(B) Supporting deep-sea ecosystems
(C) Providing oxygen to marine environments
(D) Facilitating offshore oil drilling
24. : Which of the following is a common adaptation of seagrasses to underwater life?
(A) Ability to absorb nutrients from the water
(B) Ability to survive in arid environments
(C) Ability to store water in thick stems
(D) Ability to grow in cold temperatures
25. : Which of the following practices can help protect coral reefs?
(A) Reducing pollution and sustainable fishing practices
(B) Increasing coastal development
(C) Ignoring marine protected areas
(D) Expanding industrial activities
26. : What is the primary source of food for coral polyps?
(A) Symbiotic algae (zooxanthellae)
(B) Plankton
(C) Small fish
(D) Detritus
27. : Which of the following is a key characteristic of seagrass beds?
(A) They are submerged in shallow, coastal waters
(B) They grow in high-energy wave environments
(C) They have high diversity of tree species
(D) They are found in deep ocean trenches
28. : Which type of mangrove tree has pneumatophores for breathing?
(A) Black mangroves
(B) Red mangroves
(C) White mangroves
(D) Buttonwood mangroves
29. : Coral reefs support approximately what percentage of all marine species?
(A) 25%
(B) 50%
(C) 10%
(D) 75%
30. : Seagrasses are important for maintaining:
(A) Water clarity and reducing coastal erosion
(B) Ice stability in polar regions
(C) Mountain ecosystems
(D) Desert vegetation