- Which of the following is the most common congenital heart defect?
- A) Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
- B) Atrial septal defect (ASD)
- C) Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
- D) Tetralogy of Fallot
Answer: A) Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
- What is the primary clinical feature of coarctation of the aorta in children?
- A) Cyanosis
- B) Hypertension in the upper body
- C) Murmur
- D) Tachycardia
Answer: B) Hypertension in the upper body
- Which imaging study is most useful for diagnosing congenital heart defects in neonates?
- A) Chest X-ray
- B) Echocardiogram
- C) MRI
- D) CT scan
Answer: B) Echocardiogram
- Which congenital heart defect is associated with a “machine-like” murmur?
- A) Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
- B) Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
- C) Atrial septal defect (ASD)
- D) Coarctation of the aorta
Answer: B) Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
- What is the primary treatment for a symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in a premature infant?
- A) Surgical ligation
- B) Medical management with indomethacin
- C) Antibiotics
- D) Diuretics
Answer: B) Medical management with indomethacin
- Which condition is characterized by cyanosis and a boot-shaped heart on X-ray?
- A) Tetralogy of Fallot
- B) Transposition of the great arteries
- C) Truncus arteriosus
- D) Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
Answer: A) Tetralogy of Fallot
- Which congenital heart defect often requires immediate intervention after birth due to its critical nature?
- A) Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
- B) Atrial septal defect (ASD)
- C) Transposition of the great arteries
- D) Coarctation of the aorta
Answer: C) Transposition of the great arteries
- What is the primary feature of aortic stenosis in children?
- A) Harsh systolic ejection murmur
- B) Diastolic murmur
- C) Cyanosis
- D) Bounding pulses
Answer: A) Harsh systolic ejection murmur
- Which condition is characterized by the presence of a “snowman” or “figure-of-eight” sign on chest X-ray?
- A) Transposition of the great arteries
- B) Atrial septal defect (ASD)
- C) Truncus arteriosus
- D) Total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR)
Answer: D) Total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR)
- What is the main concern in children with hypoplastic left heart syndrome?
- A) Increased blood pressure
- B) Reduced blood flow from the left side of the heart
- C) Increased pulmonary blood flow
- D) Cyanosis
Answer: B) Reduced blood flow from the left side of the heart
- Which congenital heart defect is associated with a loud, wide splitting of the second heart sound?
- A) Atrial septal defect (ASD)
- B) Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
- C) Coarctation of the aorta
- D) Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
Answer: A) Atrial septal defect (ASD)
- What is the typical management for a newborn with severe coarctation of the aorta?
- A) Immediate surgical intervention
- B) Medication to manage blood pressure
- C) Balloon angioplasty
- D) Observation only
Answer: A) Immediate surgical intervention
- Which condition is most commonly associated with a single ventricle physiology?
- A) Truncus arteriosus
- B) Tetralogy of Fallot
- C) Transposition of the great arteries
- D) Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
Answer: D) Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
- What is the primary goal of surgical repair for tetralogy of Fallot?
- A) Correcting pulmonary stenosis
- B) Closing the ventricular septal defect (VSD)
- C) Correcting the overriding aorta
- D) All of the above
Answer: D) All of the above
- Which congenital heart defect involves a combination of aortic stenosis and left ventricular outflow tract obstruction?
- A) Coarctation of the aorta
- B) Transposition of the great arteries
- C) Tetralogy of Fallot
- D) Truncus arteriosus
Answer: C) Tetralogy of Fallot
- What is the most common arrhythmia seen in children with congenital heart disease?
- A) Atrial fibrillation
- B) Ventricular tachycardia
- C) Supraventricular tachycardia
- D) Premature ventricular contractions
Answer: C) Supraventricular tachycardia
- Which condition is characterized by a decreased number of pulmonary veins returning to the left atrium?
- A) Total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR)
- B) Atrial septal defect (ASD)
- C) Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
- D) Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
Answer: A) Total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR)
- Which congenital heart defect often presents with symptoms of congestive heart failure and poor feeding in infancy?
- A) Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
- B) Atrial septal defect (ASD)
- C) Coarctation of the aorta
- D) Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
Answer: A) Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
- What is the most common type of atrial septal defect (ASD)?
- A) Ostium primum
- B) Ostium secundum
- C) Sinus venosus
- D) Coronary sinus
Answer: B) Ostium secundum
- Which congenital heart defect is characterized by a persistent opening between the pulmonary artery and the aorta?
- A) Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
- B) Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
- C) Atrial septal defect (ASD)
- D) Coarctation of the aorta
Answer: A) Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
- What is the main treatment for symptomatic ventricular septal defect (VSD) in a child?
- A) Surgical closure
- B) Medical management with diuretics
- C) Observation
- D) Balloon angioplasty
Answer: A) Surgical closure
- Which heart defect is associated with a single outflow tract and a single arterial vessel from the heart?
- A) Transposition of the great arteries
- B) Truncus arteriosus
- C) Tetralogy of Fallot
- D) Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
Answer: B) Truncus arteriosus
- What is the common physical finding in a child with Eisenmenger syndrome?
- A) Cyanosis
- B) Murmur
- C) Edema
- D) Hypertension
Answer: A) Cyanosis
- Which condition presents with a narrowed aortic lumen and differential blood pressures between the upper and lower body?
- A) Coarctation of the aorta
- B) Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
- C) Atrial septal defect (ASD)
- D) Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
Answer: A) Coarctation of the aorta
- Which congenital heart defect is characterized by a combination of aortic stenosis, ventricular septal defect (VSD), right ventricular hypertrophy, and an overriding aorta?
- A) Tetralogy of Fallot
- B) Transposition of the great arteries
- C) Truncus arteriosus
- D) Total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR)
Answer: A) Tetralogy of Fallot
- What is the primary treatment for a child with symptomatic aortic stenosis?
- A) Balloon valvuloplasty
- B) Surgical valve replacement
- C) Medical management with diuretics
- D) Observation
Answer: A) Balloon valvuloplasty
- Which congenital heart defect involves an abnormal connection between the pulmonary veins and the right atrium?
- A) Total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR)
- B) Atrial septal defect (ASD)
- C) Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
- D) Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
Answer: A) Total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR)
- What is the primary cause of cyanosis in children with right-to-left shunts?
- A) Decreased oxygenation of blood
- B) Increased pulmonary blood flow
- C) Left-to-right shunting
- D) Increased systemic blood flow
Answer: A) Decreased oxygenation of blood
- Which condition is characterized by obstruction of the left ventricular outflow tract?
- A) Aortic stenosis
- B) Coarctation of the aorta
- C) Tetralogy of Fallot
- D) Transposition of the great arteries
Answer: A) Aortic stenosis
- What is the characteristic clinical feature of congenital aortic stenosis?
- A) Systolic ejection murmur
- B) Diastolic murmur
- C) Cyanosis
- D) Bounding pulses
Answer: A) Systolic ejection murmur
- Which condition is associated with a high risk of infective endocarditis in children with congenital heart disease?
- A) Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
- B) Atrial septal defect (ASD)
- C) Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
- D) Coarctation of the aorta
Answer: A) Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
- Which congenital heart defect is associated with a “snowman” or “figure-of-eight” appearance on chest X-ray?
- A) Total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR)
- B) Tetralogy of Fallot
- C) Atrial septal defect (ASD)
- D) Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
Answer: A) Total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR)
- Which heart defect often requires the use of prostaglandin E1 to maintain ductal patency in newborns?
- A) Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
- B) Coarctation of the aorta
- C) Atrial septal defect (ASD)
- D) Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
Answer: A) Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
- What is the most common sign of severe heart failure in infants with congenital heart defects?
- A) Poor feeding
- B) Cyanosis
- C) Tachycardia
- D) Edema
Answer: A) Poor feeding
- Which congenital heart defect is characterized by a fusion of the aorta and pulmonary artery into a single arterial vessel?
- A) Truncus arteriosus
- B) Tetralogy of Fallot
- C) Transposition of the great arteries
- D) Atrial septal defect (ASD)
Answer: A) Truncus arteriosus
- What is the most appropriate treatment for a symptomatic child with an atrial septal defect (ASD)?
- A) Surgical closure
- B) Balloon angioplasty
- C) Medical management with diuretics
- D) Observation
Answer: A) Surgical closure
- Which condition is characterized by a narrowing of the aortic arch, resulting in differential blood pressures between the upper and lower body?
- A) Coarctation of the aorta
- B) Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
- C) Tetralogy of Fallot
- D) Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
Answer: A) Coarctation of the aorta
- What is a common feature of a child with transposition of the great arteries (TGA)?
- A) Cyanosis that does not improve with oxygen
- B) Murmur of aortic stenosis
- C) Tachycardia
- D) Normal oxygen saturation
Answer: A) Cyanosis that does not improve with oxygen
- Which congenital heart defect is characterized by a large, unrestrictive left-to-right shunt that leads to pulmonary overcirculation?
- A) Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
- B) Atrial septal defect (ASD)
- C) Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
- D) Coarctation of the aorta
Answer: A) Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
- Which condition is characterized by abnormal connections between pulmonary veins and the right atrium?
- A) Total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR)
- B) Transposition of the great arteries
- C) Coarctation of the aorta
- D) Atrial septal defect (ASD)
Answer: A) Total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR)
- What is a common clinical finding in children with aortic stenosis?
- A) A systolic ejection murmur
- B) A diastolic murmur
- C) Cyanosis
- D) Hepatomegaly
Answer: A) A systolic ejection murmur
- Which congenital heart defect involves an obstruction of the left ventricular outflow tract leading to decreased blood flow?
- A) Aortic stenosis
- B) Coarctation of the aorta
- C) Tetralogy of Fallot
- D) Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
Answer: A) Aortic stenosis
- What is the primary treatment for a child with a large ventricular septal defect (VSD) and heart failure symptoms?
- A) Surgical repair
- B) Medical management with diuretics
- C) Balloon angioplasty
- D) Observation
Answer: A) Surgical repair
- Which condition is associated with a “harsh” systolic ejection murmur best heard at the second intercostal space?
- A) Aortic stenosis
- B) Pulmonary stenosis
- C) Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
- D) Atrial septal defect (ASD)
Answer: A) Aortic stenosis
- What is the main goal of initial management for a newborn with hypoplastic left heart syndrome?
- A) Maintain ductal patency with prostaglandin E1
- B) Surgical repair of the defect
- C) Control hypertension
- D) Manage arrhythmias
Answer: A) Maintain ductal patency with prostaglandin E1
- Which congenital heart defect is often detected through the presence of a continuous “machine-like” murmur?
- A) Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
- B) Atrial septal defect (ASD)
- C) Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
- D) Coarctation of the aorta
Answer: A) Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
- What is the typical treatment for a child with symptomatic coarctation of the aorta?
- A) Surgical repair
- B) Medical management with antihypertensives
- C) Balloon angioplasty
- D) Observation
Answer: A) Surgical repair
- Which heart defect is characterized by the presence of cyanosis and a single large arterial vessel arising from the heart?
- A) Truncus arteriosus
- B) Tetralogy of Fallot
- C) Transposition of the great arteries
- D) Atrial septal defect (ASD)
Answer: A) Truncus arteriosus
- What is a common finding in children with patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) on physical examination?
- A) Continuous murmur
- B) Diastolic murmur
- C) Systolic ejection murmur
- D) Cyanosis
Answer: A) Continuous murmur
- Which congenital heart defect is characterized by obstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract?
- A) Pulmonary stenosis
- B) Aortic stenosis
- C) Coarctation of the aorta
- D) Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
Answer: A) Pulmonary stenosis
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