2. Which of the following is the primary risk factor for cervical cancer? a) Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection b) Smoking c) Family history of cancer d) Hormone replacement therapy Answer: a) Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection
3. Which tumor marker is commonly elevated in ovarian cancer? a) CA-125 b) PSA c) CEA d) AFP Answer: a) CA-125
4. The most common histological subtype of endometrial cancer is: a) Clear cell carcinoma b) Squamous cell carcinoma c) Adenocarcinoma d) Small cell carcinoma Answer: c) Adenocarcinoma
5. What is the primary treatment for early-stage cervical cancer? a) Chemotherapy b) Radiation therapy c) Surgery d) Immunotherapy Answer: c) Surgery
6. Which of the following is a known risk factor for endometrial cancer? a) Early menopause b) Multiparity c) Obesity d) Oral contraceptive use Answer: c) Obesity
7. Which virus is most commonly associated with cervical cancer? a) Epstein-Barr virus b) Human papillomavirus (HPV) c) Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) d) Hepatitis B virus Answer: b) Human papillomavirus (HPV)
8. Ovarian cancer is often diagnosed at an advanced stage because: a) It is asymptomatic in early stages b) It spreads slowly c) It is easily detected with screening tests d) Symptoms are specific to ovarian cancer Answer: a) It is asymptomatic in early stages
9. Which procedure is commonly used to diagnose endometrial cancer? a) Colposcopy b) Pap smear c) Endometrial biopsy d) Pelvic ultrasound Answer: c) Endometrial biopsy
10. What is the primary role of HPV vaccination? a) Treatment of cervical cancer b) Prevention of HPV infection c) Treatment of HPV infection d) Prevention of ovarian cancer Answer: b) Prevention of HPV infection
11. Which type of ovarian cancer is the most common? a) Germ cell tumors b) Epithelial ovarian cancer c) Sex cord-stromal tumors d) Endometrioid tumors Answer: b) Epithelial ovarian cancer
12. The Papanicolaou (Pap) smear test is used primarily to detect: a) Ovarian cancer b) Uterine cancer c) Cervical dysplasia d) Endometrial hyperplasia Answer: c) Cervical dysplasia
13. Which staging system is most commonly used for gynecologic cancers? a) AJCC b) FIGO c) TNM d) Dukes Answer: b) FIGO
14. Which of the following is a common symptom of ovarian cancer? a) Abdominal bloating b) Abnormal vaginal bleeding c) Frequent urination d) Pelvic pain Answer: a) Abdominal bloating
15. Which imaging modality is most commonly used for the initial evaluation of ovarian masses? a) MRI b) Ultrasound c) CT scan d) PET scan Answer: b) Ultrasound
16. Lynch syndrome increases the risk for which gynecologic cancer? a) Endometrial cancer b) Cervical cancer c) Ovarian cancer d) Vulvar cancer Answer: a) Endometrial cancer
17. The presence of BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutations is strongly associated with an increased risk of which cancer? a) Cervical cancer b) Ovarian cancer c) Endometrial cancer d) Vulvar cancer Answer: b) Ovarian cancer
18. What is the role of chemotherapy in the treatment of advanced-stage ovarian cancer? a) Curative in all cases b) Adjunctive treatment after surgery c) Used only for palliation d) First-line treatment without surgery Answer: b) Adjunctive treatment after surgery
19. Which gynecologic cancer is most commonly associated with abnormal vaginal bleeding? a) Ovarian cancer b) Endometrial cancer c) Vulvar cancer d) Fallopian tube cancer Answer: b) Endometrial cancer
20. In which age group is cervical cancer most commonly diagnosed? a) Adolescents b) Women in their 20s c) Women in their 40s and 50s d) Women over 70 Answer: c) Women in their 40s and 50s
21. What is the primary site of origin for most ovarian cancers? a) Fallopian tubes b) Ovaries c) Uterus d) Cervix Answer: a) Fallopian tubes
22. Vulvar cancer is most commonly associated with which infection? a) HIV b) HPV c) Hepatitis C d) Epstein-Barr virus Answer: b) HPV
23. What is the gold standard treatment for early-stage endometrial cancer? a) Radiation therapy b) Hormonal therapy c) Surgery d) Chemotherapy Answer: c) Surgery
24. Which gynecologic cancer has the highest mortality rate? a) Cervical cancer b) Endometrial cancer c) Ovarian cancer d) Vulvar cancer Answer: c) Ovarian cancer
25. What is the role of sentinel lymph node biopsy in gynecologic oncology? a) To treat cancer b) To determine the extent of lymph node involvement c) To prevent metastasis d) To remove cancer cells from the bloodstream Answer: b) To determine the extent of lymph node involvement
26. Which of the following procedures is most commonly used to treat precancerous cervical lesions? a) LEEP (Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedure) b) Hysterectomy c) Chemotherapy d) Radiation therapy Answer: a) LEEP (Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedure)
27. In the treatment of ovarian cancer, debulking surgery aims to: a) Remove all cancer cells b) Remove visible tumors c) Prevent recurrence d) Reduce tumor size for better chemotherapy response Answer: d) Reduce tumor size for better chemotherapy response
28. Which gynecologic cancer is primarily treated with chemotherapy even in early stages? a) Cervical cancer b) Endometrial cancer c) Ovarian cancer d) Vulvar cancer Answer: c) Ovarian cancer
29. HPV vaccination has been shown to reduce the risk of which gynecologic cancer? a) Ovarian cancer b) Endometrial cancer c) Cervical cancer d) Fallopian tube cancer Answer: c) Cervical cancer
30. Which surgical procedure is commonly performed in women with high risk for ovarian and breast cancer due to BRCA mutations? a) Hysterectomy b) Oophorectomy c) LEEP d) Cone biopsy Answer: b) Oophorectomy
31. What is the typical symptom of vulvar cancer? a) Pelvic pain b) Itching and burning c) Abdominal distention d) Vaginal discharge Answer: b) Itching and burning
32. What is the typical age range for diagnosis of ovarian cancer? a) 20-30 years b) 30-40 years c) 40-60 years d) Over 60 years Answer: c) 40-60 years
33. Which cancer screening method has dramatically reduced the incidence of cervical cancer? a) HPV testing b) Pap smear c) Colposcopy d) Endometrial biopsy Answer: b) Pap smear
34. Which gynecologic cancer is often detected in its premalignant state? a) Ovarian cancer b) Cervical cancer c) Endometrial cancer d) Vulvar cancer Answer: b) Cervical cancer
35. Which gynecologic cancer is most likely to recur after treatment? a) Endometrial cancer b) Vulvar cancer c) Ovarian cancer d) Cervical cancer Answer: c) Ovarian cancer
36. Which gynecologic cancer may be associated with tamoxifen use? a) Endometrial cancer b) Cervical cancer c) Ovarian cancer d) Fallopian tube cancer Answer: a) Endometrial cancer
37. Which gynecologic cancer may present with postmenopausal bleeding? a) Endometrial cancer b) Ovarian cancer c) Vulvar cancer d) Fallopian tube cancer Answer: a) Endometrial cancer
38. Which of the following cancers is least likely to be linked with HPV infection? a) Cervical cancer b) Endometrial cancer c) Vulvar cancer d) Vaginal cancer Answer: b) Endometrial cancer
39. Which stage of cervical cancer involves distant metastasis? a) Stage I b) Stage II c) Stage III d) Stage IV Answer: d) Stage IV
40. What is the standard surgical procedure for early-stage ovarian cancer? a) Total hysterectomy b) Salpingo-oophorectomy c) Oophorectomy d) Debulking surgery Answer: b) Salpingo-oophorectomy
41. What is a common sign of late-stage ovarian cancer? a) Pelvic mass b) Ascites c) Weight loss d) Frequent urination Answer: b) Ascites
42. What does a Papanicolaou (Pap) smear screen for? a) Ovarian cancer b) Endometrial cancer c) Cervical cancer d) Vulvar cancer Answer: c) Cervical cancer
43. The 5-year survival rate for early-stage cervical cancer is approximately: a) 50% b) 70% c) 90% d) 100% Answer: c) 90%
44. Which treatment is commonly used for high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)? a) Radiation therapy b) Chemotherapy c) Cryotherapy d) Immunotherapy Answer: c) Cryotherapy
45. The primary cause of death in women with ovarian cancer is: a) Ascites b) Bowel obstruction c) Metastatic spread d) Pleural effusion Answer: b) Bowel obstruction
46. Which chemotherapy regimen is most commonly used for advanced ovarian cancer? a) Paclitaxel and carboplatin b) Doxorubicin and cisplatin c) Methotrexate and vincristine d) Cyclophosphamide and tamoxifen Answer: a) Paclitaxel and carboplatin
47. Which of the following is an indication for radical hysterectomy? a) Stage I cervical cancer b) Stage III ovarian cancer c) Early-stage vulvar cancer d) Advanced endometrial cancer Answer: a) Stage I cervical cancer
48. Cervical cancer is staged primarily using which diagnostic tool? a) Pelvic ultrasound b) CT scan c) Clinical examination d) MRI Answer: c) Clinical examination
49. Which type of cancer is typically detected via the Pap smear test? a) Ovarian cancer b) Endometrial cancer c) Cervical cancer d) Vulvar cancer Answer: c) Cervical cancer
50. What is the major histological type of vulvar cancer? a) Adenocarcinoma b) Squamous cell carcinoma c) Transitional cell carcinoma d) Germ cell carcinoma Answer: b) Squamous cell carcinoma