chemical formula for glass normally used is Na₂O·CaO·6SiO₂.
Physical Properties of Glass
| Properties | Details |
| Appearance | Transparent or translucent solid |
| Color | Clear, colored, or opaque |
| Density | Relatively high |
| Electrical Conductivity | Non-conductive |
| Hardness | Relatively hard |
| Melting Point | High melting point |
| Thermal Conductivity | Low thermal conductivity |
| Transparency | Varies from transparent to opaque |
Chemical Properties of Glass
| Properties | Details |
| Ageing | May become cloudy or hazy with age |
| Chemical Resistance | Not affected by most chemicals |
| Corrosion | May undergo corrosion or dissolution in certain environments |
| Reactivity | May react with certain chemicals |
| Solubility | Insoluble in most solvents |
| Stability | Stable under normal conditions |
Reaction of glass with Alkaline Earth Metal
| Alkaline Earth Metal | Reaction Equations | |
| Beryllium (Be) | no product formed | |
| Magnesium (Mg) | Mg + SiO2 react and convert into Mg2SiO4 | |
| Calcium (Ca) | Ca + SiO2 react and convert into CaSiO3 | |
| Strontium (Sr) | Sr + SiO2 react and convert into SrSiO3 | |
| Barium (Ba) | Ba + SiO2 react and convert into BaSiO3 | |
| Radium (Ra) | no product formed |
Reaction of glass with Transition Metal
| Transition Metal | Equation | |
| Scandium (Sc) | no product formed | |
| Titanium (Ti) | Ti + SiO2 react and convert into TiO2 + Si | |
| Vanadium (V) | 2V + O2 react and convert into 2VO | |
| Chromium (Cr) | 2Cr + 3O2 react and convert into 2Cr2O3 | |
| Manganese (Mn) | 2Mn + 3O2 react and convert into 2MnO3 | |
| Iron (Fe) | 4Fe + 3O2 react and convert into 2Fe2O3 | |
| Cobalt (Co) | Co + O2 react and convert into CoO | |
| Nickel (Ni) | Ni + SiO2 react and convert into NiO + Si | |
| Copper (Cu) | 2Cu + O2 react and convert into 2CuO | |
| Zinc (Zn) | Zn + SiO2 react and convert into ZnO + Si | |
| Yttrium (Y) | no product formed | |
| Zirconium (Zr) | Zr + SiO2 react and convert into ZrO2 + Si | |
| Niobium (Nb) | no product formed | |
| Molybdenum (Mo) | Mo + 3O2 react and convert into MoO3 | |
| Technetium (Tc) | no product formed | |
| Ruthenium (Ru) | Ru + 3O2 react and convert into RuO3 | |
| Rhodium (Rh) | no product formed | |
| Palladium (Pd) | Pd + 3O2 react and convert into PdO2 | |
| Silver (Ag) | 2Ag + O2 react and convert into 2AgO | |
| Cadmium (Cd) | Cd + SiO2 react and convert into CdO + Si | |
| Lanthanum (La) | no product formed | |
| Hafnium (Hf) |
Reaction of glass with Non-Transition Metal
| Non-Transition Metal | Equation | |
| Aluminum (Al) | no product formed | |
| Gallium (Ga) | Ga + SiO2 react and convert into Ga2O3 + Si | |
| Indium (In) | no product formed | |
| Tin (Sn) | Sn + SiO2 react and convert into SnO2 + Si | |
| Antimony (Sb) | 2Sb + 3O2 react and convert into 2Sb2O3 | |
| Tellurium (Te) | Te + SiO2 react and convert into TeO2 + Si | |
| Iodine (I) | no product formed | |
| Xenon (Xe) | no product formed | |
| Cesium (Cs) | no product formed | |
| Barium (Ba) | no product formed | |
| Lanthanum (La) | La + SiO2 react and convert into La2O3 + Si | |
| Cerium (Ce) | no product formed | |
| Praseodymium (Pr) | Pr + SiO2 react and convert into Pr2O3 + Si | |
| Neodymium (Nd) | no product formed | |
| Promethium (Pm) | no product formed | |
| Samarium (Sm) | Sm + SiO2 react and convert into Sm2O3 + Si | |
| Europium (Eu) | no product formed | |
| Gadolinium (Gd) | Gd + SiO2 react and convert into Gd2O3 + Si | |
| Terbium (Tb) | no product formed | |
| Dysprosium (Dy) | Dy + SiO2 react and convert into Dy2O3 + Si | |
| Holmium (Ho) | no product formed | |
| Erbium (Er) | Er + SiO2 react and convert into Er2O3 + Si | |
| Thulium (Tm) | no product formed |
Reaction of glass with Alkali Metal
| Alkali Metal | Equation | |
| Lithium (Li) | 4Li + SiO2 react and convert into 2Li2O + Li2SiO3 | |
| Sodium (Na) | 2Na + SiO2 react and convert into Na2O + Na2SiO3 | |
| Potassium (K) | 2K + SiO2 react and convert into K2O + K2SiO3 | |
| Rubidium (Rb) | 2Rb + SiO2 react and convert into Rb2O + Rb2SiO3 | |
| Cesium (Cs) | 2Cs + SiO2 react and convert into Cs2O + Cs2SiO3 | |
| Francium (Fr) | 2Fr + SiO2 react and convert into Fr2O + Fr2SiO3 |
Reaction of glass with Metalloid
| Metalloid | Equation | |
| Boron (B) | no product formed | |
| Silicon (Si) | no product formed | |
| Germanium (Ge) | no product formed | |
| Arsenic (As) | As + SiO2 react and convert into As2O3 + Si | |
| Antimony (Sb) | 2Sb + 3 O2 react and convert into 2Sb2O3 | |
| Tellurium (Te) | Te + SiO2 react and convert into TeO2 + Si |
Reaction of glass with Non-Metal
| Non-Metal | Equation | |
| Hydrogen (H) | no product formed | |
| Carbon (C) | no product formed | |
| Nitrogen (N) | no product formed | |
| Oxygen (O) | no product formed | |
| Fluorine (F) | no product formed | |
| Phosphorus (P) | 4P + 5 O2 react and convert into 2P2O5 | |
| Sulfur (S) | 2S + 3 O2 react and convert into 2SO3 | |
| Chlorine (Cl) | no product formed | |
| Bromine (Br) | 2Br + 3O2 react and convert into 2BrO3 | |
| Iodine (I) | no product formed |
Reaction of glass with Lanthanide
| Lanthanide | Equation | |
| Lanthanum (La) | La + SiO2 react and convert into La2O3 + Si | |
| Cerium (Ce) | no product formed | |
| Praseodymium (Pr) | Pr + SiO2 react and convert into Pr2O3 + Si | |
| Neodymium (Nd) | no product formed | |
| Promethium (Pm) | no product formed | |
| Samarium (Sm) | Sm + SiO2 react and convert into Sm2O3 + Si | |
| Europium (Eu) | no product formed | |
| Gadolinium (Gd) | Gd + SiO2 react and convert into Gd2O3 + Si | |
| Terbium (Tb) | no product formed | |
| Dysprosium (Dy) | Dy + SiO2 react and convert into Dy2O3 + Si | |
| Holmium (Ho) | no product formed | |
| Erbium (Er) | Er + SiO2 react and convert into Er2O3 + Si | |
| Thulium (Tm) | no product formed | |
| Ytterbium (Yb) | Yb + SiO2 react and convert into Yb2O3 + Si | |
| Lutetium (Lu) | no product formed |
Reaction of glass with Actinide
| Actinide | Equation | |
| Actinium (Ac) | no product formed | |
| Thorium (Th) | Th + SiO2 react and convert into ThO2 + Si | |
| Protactinium (Pa) | no product formed | |
| Uranium (U) | U + SiO2 react and convert into UO2 + Si | |
| Neptunium (Np) | no product formed | |
| Plutonium (Pu) | Pu + SiO2 react and convert into PuO2 + Si | |
| Americium (Am) | no product formed | |
| Curium (Cm) | Cm + SiO2 react and convert into CmO2 + Si | |
| Berkelium (Bk) | no product formed | |
| Californium (Cf) | Cf + SiO2 react and convert into CfO2 + Si | |
| Einsteinium (Es) | no product formed | |
| Fermium (Fm) | Fm + SiO2 react and convert into FmO2 + Si | |
| Mendelevium (Md) | no product formed | |
| Nobelium (No) | No + SiO2 react and convert into NoO2 + Si | |
| Lawrencium (Lr) | no product formed |
chemical formula of glass
chemical formula for glass normally used is Na₂O·CaO·6SiO₂.
Physical Properties of Glass
| Properties | Details |
| Appearance | Transparent or translucent solid |
| Color | Clear, colored, or opaque |
| Density | Relatively high |
| Electrical Conductivity | Non-conductive |
| Hardness | Relatively hard |
| Melting Point | High melting point |
| Thermal Conductivity | Low thermal conductivity |
| Transparency | Varies from transparent to opaque |
Chemical Properties of Glass
| Properties | Details |
| Ageing | May become cloudy or hazy with age |
| Chemical Resistance | Not affected by most chemicals |
| Corrosion | May undergo corrosion or dissolution in certain environments |
| Reactivity | May react with certain chemicals |
| Solubility | Insoluble in most solvents |
| Stability | Stable under normal conditions |
Reaction of glass with Alkaline Earth Metal
| Alkaline Earth Metal | Reaction Equations | |
| Beryllium (Be) | no product formed | |
| Magnesium (Mg) | Mg + SiO2 react and convert into Mg2SiO4 | |
| Calcium (Ca) | Ca + SiO2 react and convert into CaSiO3 | |
| Strontium (Sr) | Sr + SiO2 react and convert into SrSiO3 | |
| Barium (Ba) | Ba + SiO2 react and convert into BaSiO3 | |
| Radium (Ra) | no product formed |
Reaction of glass with Transition Metal
| Transition Metal | Equation | |
| Scandium (Sc) | no product formed | |
| Titanium (Ti) | Ti + SiO2 react and convert into TiO2 + Si | |
| Vanadium (V) | 2V + O2 react and convert into 2VO | |
| Chromium (Cr) | 2Cr + 3O2 react and convert into 2Cr2O3 | |
| Manganese (Mn) | 2Mn + 3O2 react and convert into 2MnO3 | |
| Iron (Fe) | 4Fe + 3O2 react and convert into 2Fe2O3 | |
| Cobalt (Co) | Co + O2 react and convert into CoO | |
| Nickel (Ni) | Ni + SiO2 react and convert into NiO + Si | |
| Copper (Cu) | 2Cu + O2 react and convert into 2CuO | |
| Zinc (Zn) | Zn + SiO2 react and convert into ZnO + Si | |
| Yttrium (Y) | no product formed | |
| Zirconium (Zr) | Zr + SiO2 react and convert into ZrO2 + Si | |
| Niobium (Nb) | no product formed | |
| Molybdenum (Mo) | Mo + 3O2 react and convert into MoO3 | |
| Technetium (Tc) | no product formed | |
| Ruthenium (Ru) | Ru + 3O2 react and convert into RuO3 | |
| Rhodium (Rh) | no product formed | |
| Palladium (Pd) | Pd + 3O2 react and convert into PdO2 | |
| Silver (Ag) | 2Ag + O2 react and convert into 2AgO | |
| Cadmium (Cd) | Cd + SiO2 react and convert into CdO + Si | |
| Lanthanum (La) | no product formed | |
| Hafnium (Hf) |
Reaction of glass with Non-Transition Metal
| Non-Transition Metal | Equation | |
| Aluminum (Al) | no product formed | |
| Gallium (Ga) | Ga + SiO2 react and convert into Ga2O3 + Si | |
| Indium (In) | no product formed | |
| Tin (Sn) | Sn + SiO2 react and convert into SnO2 + Si | |
| Antimony (Sb) | 2Sb + 3O2 react and convert into 2Sb2O3 | |
| Tellurium (Te) | Te + SiO2 react and convert into TeO2 + Si | |
| Iodine (I) | no product formed | |
| Xenon (Xe) | no product formed | |
| Cesium (Cs) | no product formed | |
| Barium (Ba) | no product formed | |
| Lanthanum (La) | La + SiO2 react and convert into La2O3 + Si | |
| Cerium (Ce) | no product formed | |
| Praseodymium (Pr) | Pr + SiO2 react and convert into Pr2O3 + Si | |
| Neodymium (Nd) | no product formed | |
| Promethium (Pm) | no product formed | |
| Samarium (Sm) | Sm + SiO2 react and convert into Sm2O3 + Si | |
| Europium (Eu) | no product formed | |
| Gadolinium (Gd) | Gd + SiO2 react and convert into Gd2O3 + Si | |
| Terbium (Tb) | no product formed | |
| Dysprosium (Dy) | Dy + SiO2 react and convert into Dy2O3 + Si | |
| Holmium (Ho) | no product formed | |
| Erbium (Er) | Er + SiO2 react and convert into Er2O3 + Si | |
| Thulium (Tm) | no product formed |
Reaction of glass with Alkali Metal
| Alkali Metal | Equation | |
| Lithium (Li) | 4Li + SiO2 react and convert into 2Li2O + Li2SiO3 | |
| Sodium (Na) | 2Na + SiO2 react and convert into Na2O + Na2SiO3 | |
| Potassium (K) | 2K + SiO2 react and convert into K2O + K2SiO3 | |
| Rubidium (Rb) | 2Rb + SiO2 react and convert into Rb2O + Rb2SiO3 | |
| Cesium (Cs) | 2Cs + SiO2 react and convert into Cs2O + Cs2SiO3 | |
| Francium (Fr) | 2Fr + SiO2 react and convert into Fr2O + Fr2SiO3 |
Reaction of glass with Metalloid
| Metalloid | Equation | |
| Boron (B) | no product formed | |
| Silicon (Si) | no product formed | |
| Germanium (Ge) | no product formed | |
| Arsenic (As) | As + SiO2 react and convert into As2O3 + Si | |
| Antimony (Sb) | 2Sb + 3 O2 react and convert into 2Sb2O3 | |
| Tellurium (Te) | Te + SiO2 react and convert into TeO2 + Si |
Reaction of glass with Non-Metal
| Non-Metal | Equation | |
| Hydrogen (H) | no product formed | |
| Carbon (C) | no product formed | |
| Nitrogen (N) | no product formed | |
| Oxygen (O) | no product formed | |
| Fluorine (F) | no product formed | |
| Phosphorus (P) | 4P + 5 O2 react and convert into 2P2O5 | |
| Sulfur (S) | 2S + 3 O2 react and convert into 2SO3 | |
| Chlorine (Cl) | no product formed | |
| Bromine (Br) | 2Br + 3O2 react and convert into 2BrO3 | |
| Iodine (I) | no product formed |
Reaction of glass with Lanthanide
| Lanthanide | Equation | |
| Lanthanum (La) | La + SiO2 react and convert into La2O3 + Si | |
| Cerium (Ce) | no product formed | |
| Praseodymium (Pr) | Pr + SiO2 react and convert into Pr2O3 + Si | |
| Neodymium (Nd) | no product formed | |
| Promethium (Pm) | no product formed | |
| Samarium (Sm) | Sm + SiO2 react and convert into Sm2O3 + Si | |
| Europium (Eu) | no product formed | |
| Gadolinium (Gd) | Gd + SiO2 react and convert into Gd2O3 + Si | |
| Terbium (Tb) | no product formed | |
| Dysprosium (Dy) | Dy + SiO2 react and convert into Dy2O3 + Si | |
| Holmium (Ho) | no product formed | |
| Erbium (Er) | Er + SiO2 react and convert into Er2O3 + Si | |
| Thulium (Tm) | no product formed | |
| Ytterbium (Yb) | Yb + SiO2 react and convert into Yb2O3 + Si | |
| Lutetium (Lu) | no product formed |
Reaction of glass with Actinide
| Actinide | Equation | |
| Actinium (Ac) | no product formed | |
| Thorium (Th) | Th + SiO2 react and convert into ThO2 + Si | |
| Protactinium (Pa) | no product formed | |
| Uranium (U) | U + SiO2 react and convert into UO2 + Si | |
| Neptunium (Np) | no product formed | |
| Plutonium (Pu) | Pu + SiO2 react and convert into PuO2 + Si | |
| Americium (Am) | no product formed | |
| Curium (Cm) | Cm + SiO2 react and convert into CmO2 + Si | |
| Berkelium (Bk) | no product formed | |
| Californium (Cf) | Cf + SiO2 react and convert into CfO2 + Si | |
| Einsteinium (Es) | no product formed | |
| Fermium (Fm) | Fm + SiO2 react and convert into FmO2 + Si | |
| Mendelevium (Md) | no product formed | |
| Nobelium (No) | No + SiO2 react and convert into NoO2 + Si | |
| Lawrencium (Lr) | no product formed |