1. Which type of bone provides the greatest resistance to compressive forces?
(A) Cortical bone
(B) Cancellous bone
(C) Trabecular bone
(D) Irregular bone
2. Cancellous bone is best adapted for:
(A) Absorbing shock and energy
(B) Resisting high compressive loads
(C) Preventing ligament strain
(D) Facilitating muscle contraction
3. Bone is strongest under which type of load?
(A) Compression
(B) Tension
(C) Shear
(D) Torsion
4. Bone is weakest under which type of load?
(A) Shear
(B) Compression
(C) Bending
(D) Tension
5. The viscoelastic property of bone means:
(A) Response depends on rate of loading
(B) Bone behaves like a fluid
(C) Bone is purely elastic
(D) Bone never fatigues
6. Wolff’s Law states:
(A) Bone adapts to the stress placed upon it
(B) Ligaments shorten with rest
(C) Muscle force is proportional to cross-sectional area
(D) Tendons are purely elastic
7. Ligaments primarily resist:
(A) Tensile forces
(B) Compressive forces
(C) Torsional forces
(D) Shear forces
8. Which structural component provides ligaments with tensile strength?
(A) Collagen fibers
(B) Elastin fibers
(C) Ground substance
(D) Proteoglycans
9. Ligaments are considered:
(A) Viscoelastic tissues
(B) Purely elastic tissues
(C) Purely plastic tissues
(D) Non-adaptive tissues
10. The toe region of the stress-strain curve in ligaments represents:
(A) Uncrimping of collagen fibers
(B) Tissue failure
(C) Plastic deformation
(D) Constant stiffness
11. Tendons connect:
(A) Muscle to bone
(B) Bone to bone
(C) Muscle to muscle
(D) Cartilage to bone
12. Tendons are designed primarily to:
(A) Transmit muscle force to bone
(B) Store energy permanently
(C) Prevent bone fracture
(D) Stabilize joints
13. The primary load resisted by tendons is:
(A) Tension
(B) Compression
(C) Shear
(D) Torsion
14. The tendon’s stiffness is proportional to its:
(A) Cross-sectional area
(B) Length only
(C) Bone insertion
(D) Elastic limit
15. Elastic energy storage in tendons is important in:
(A) Running and jumping
(B) Standing still
(C) Sitting
(D) Stretching only
16. Muscle force production is proportional to:
(A) Physiological cross-sectional area
(B) Muscle length only
(C) Joint angle only
(D) Lever arm alone
17. Which muscle contraction produces the greatest force?
(A) Eccentric contraction
(B) Concentric contraction
(C) Isometric contraction
(D) Isokinetic contraction
18. The length-tension relationship of muscle describes:
(A) Optimal sarcomere length for force production
(B) Relationship between tendon stiffness and force
(C) Ligament elasticity under strain
(D) Bone strength under compression
19. The force-velocity relationship states that:
(A) Force decreases with increasing velocity in concentric contractions
(B) Force increases with increasing velocity in concentric contractions
(C) Velocity is independent of force
(D) Force is constant regardless of contraction type
20. Stress in a tissue is defined as:
(A) Force ÷ Cross-sectional area
(B) Force × Displacement
(C) Energy ÷ Length
(D) Mass ÷ Volume
21. Strain is defined as:
(A) Change in length ÷ Original length
(B) Force ÷ Area
(C) Work ÷ Time
(D) Torque ÷ Distance
22. The slope of the linear region of a stress-strain curve is called:
(A) Elastic modulus
(B) Plastic modulus
(C) Energy modulus
(D) Strength coefficient
23. Yield point of a tissue represents:
(A) End of elastic region, start of plastic deformation
(B) Complete tissue failure
(C) Beginning of toe region
(D) Maximum energy storage
24. Ultimate tensile strength is:
(A) Maximum stress a tissue can withstand
(B) Stress at which tissue elasticity begins
(C) Stress at zero strain
(D) Lowest possible stress level
25. Hysteresis in tendon biomechanics refers to:
(A) Energy lost as heat during loading/unloading
(B) Energy stored in collagen
(C) Complete recovery of strain
(D) Muscle contraction fatigue
26. Bone anisotropy means:
(A) Mechanical properties vary with direction of loading
(B) Bone is equally strong in all directions
(C) Bone is weaker under tension
(D) Bone strength is independent of structure
27. Which tissue has the slowest healing capacity?
(A) Ligament
(B) Tendon
(C) Muscle
(D) Cortical bone
28. Creep in connective tissues refers to:
(A) Gradual deformation under constant load
(B) Sudden failure at high load
(C) Recovery after unloading
(D) Increased stiffness with rest
29. Stress-relaxation is defined as:
(A) Decrease in stress under constant strain
(B) Decrease in strain under constant stress
(C) Increase in stiffness over time
(D) Elastic energy recovery
30. Bone remodeling is influenced by:
(A) Mechanical loading
(B) Diet only
(C) Ligament stiffness
(D) Muscle length
31. Tendon stiffness increases with:
(A) Training and loading
(B) Rest and inactivity
(C) Immobilization only
(D) Aging
32. Ligaments provide:
(A) Joint stability
(B) Muscle contraction
(C) Bone remodeling
(D) Blood supply
33. Tendons provide:
(A) Force transmission
(B) Joint lubrication
(C) Energy metabolism
(D) Ligament stabilization
34. Muscles provide:
(A) Active force generation
(B) Passive joint stabilization only
(C) Energy storage only
(D) Bone density control
35. Bone fatigue fracture occurs due to:
(A) Repetitive loading below failure stress
(B) Single high stress load
(C) Absence of strain
(D) Increased tendon stiffness
36. Ligament viscoelasticity explains:
(A) Time-dependent length changes under load
(B) Unlimited elasticity
(C) Bone stiffness
(D) Tendon rupture prevention
37. Muscles with parallel fiber arrangement favor:
(A) Greater speed of contraction
(B) Greater force production
(C) Greater endurance
(D) Greater stiffness
38. Muscles with pennate fiber arrangement favor:
(A) Greater force production
(B) Faster contraction
(C) Elasticity
(D) Stability only
39. Which muscle contraction type is most energy efficient?
(A) Eccentric
(B) Concentric
(C) Isometric
(D) Isokinetic
40. The plastic region of a tissue’s stress-strain curve represents:
(A) Permanent deformation
(B) Elastic recovery
(C) Energy storage
(D) Tissue creep
41. Bone mineral density is directly related to:
(A) Bone strength
(B) Tendon elasticity
(C) Ligament stiffness
(D) Muscle length
42. The primary structural protein in tendons and ligaments is:
(A) Collagen
(B) Elastin
(C) Keratin
(D) Myosin
43. Stress shielding occurs when:
(A) Implants take over bone loading, reducing remodeling
(B) Tendons stiffen during loading
(C) Muscles fail under load
(D) Ligaments lengthen excessively
44. Which factor decreases bone strength?
(A) Osteoporosis
(B) Mechanical loading
(C) Training
(D) Proper nutrition
45. Tendons show higher stiffness compared to ligaments because:
(A) Higher collagen alignment
(B) Greater elastin content
(C) Better vascularization
(D) Lower loading demands
46. Ligament injuries are most common under:
(A) High tensile load
(B) Compressive load
(C) Shear within bone
(D) Bending forces
47. Which muscle fibers are most fatigue resistant?
(A) Type I (slow-twitch)
(B) Type IIa
(C) Type IIb (fast-twitch)
(D) Type IIx
48. Which muscle fibers produce the greatest power?
(A) Type IIb (fast-twitch)
(B) Type I (slow-twitch)
(C) Type IIa
(D) Mixed fibers
49. Ligaments respond to immobilization with:
(A) Decreased stiffness and strength
(B) Increased stiffness
(C) No change
(D) Improved blood flow
50. Tendons adapt to training by:
(A) Increasing collagen cross-links and stiffness
(B) Reducing elasticity
(C) Decreasing blood flow
(D) Weakening under tension