1. Which of the following is a common age-related change in the musculoskeletal system?
(A) Increased bone density
(B) Decreased muscle mass
(C) Increased joint flexibility
(D) Increased reflexes
2. Osteoporosis is most commonly seen in:
(A) Young males
(B) Elderly females
(C) Adolescents
(D) Children
3. Which vitamin deficiency is most associated with osteoporosis?
(A) Vitamin A
(B) Vitamin B12
(C) Vitamin D
(D) Vitamin K
4. Which exercise is most beneficial for osteoporosis?
(A) Swimming
(B) Weight-bearing exercise
(C) Cycling
(D) Passive stretching
5. The most common site of osteoporotic fracture is:
(A) Clavicle
(B) Femoral neck
(C) Radius shaft
(D) Scapula
6. Sarcopenia refers to:
(A) Loss of appetite
(B) Age-related loss of muscle mass
(C) Bone density loss
(D) Joint stiffness
7. Which test is commonly used to assess fall risk in elderly patients?
(A) Lachman’s test
(B) Timed Up and Go test
(C) McMurray’s test
(D) Romberg’s test
8. What is a common age-related change in posture?
(A) Lordosis
(B) Kyphosis
(C) Scoliosis
(D) Flat back
9. Which of the following is the leading cause of disability in elderly populations?
(A) Dementia
(B) Falls
(C) Osteoarthritis
(D) Parkinson’s disease
10. The “get-up-and-go test” primarily assesses:
(A) Balance and mobility
(B) Memory recall
(C) Hand strength
(D) Pulmonary capacity
11. Which of the following interventions is most effective in preventing falls?
(A) Heat therapy
(B) Strength and balance training
(C) Electrical stimulation only
(D) Passive ROM
12. The most common type of arthritis in geriatrics is:
(A) Rheumatoid arthritis
(B) Osteoarthritis
(C) Gouty arthritis
(D) Septic arthritis
13. Which gait pattern is commonly seen in Parkinson’s disease?
(A) High-steppage gait
(B) Festinating gait
(C) Trendelenburg gait
(D) Scissoring gait
14. What is the primary goal of physiotherapy in geriatrics?
(A) Cure disease
(B) Prevent disability and maintain independence
(C) Only pain relief
(D) Improve reflexes
15. Which balance strategy is most impaired in older adults?
(A) Ankle strategy
(B) Hip strategy
(C) Stepping strategy
(D) Visual strategy
16. Which scale is used to measure daily living activities in geriatrics?
(A) Berg Balance Scale
(B) Barthel Index
(C) VAS
(D) MMSE
17. Which physiotherapy technique is best for urinary incontinence in elderly women?
(A) Biofeedback
(B) Pelvic floor muscle training
(C) Cryotherapy
(D) Electrical diathermy
18. The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) is used for:
(A) Muscle strength assessment
(B) Cognitive function assessment
(C) Pulmonary capacity
(D) Bone density
19. Which exercise type is safest for elderly individuals with balance issues?
(A) Water-based exercise
(B) Jogging on treadmill
(C) Jumping exercises
(D) High-resistance weightlifting
20. In geriatrics, aerobic exercise is recommended at what intensity?
(A) High intensity
(B) Moderate intensity
(C) Maximum intensity
(D) None
21. Which of the following is NOT a common complication of immobility in elderly?
(A) Pressure ulcers
(B) Pneumonia
(C) Osteosarcoma
(D) Deep vein thrombosis
22. The Six-Minute Walk Test is used to assess:
(A) Flexibility
(B) Endurance
(C) Strength
(D) Cognition
23. Which exercise improves bone strength most effectively?
(A) Swimming
(B) Resistance training
(C) Cycling
(D) Stretching
24. A hip fracture in the elderly is often associated with:
(A) Increased independence
(B) High mortality and loss of mobility
(C) Decreased risk of falls
(D) Rapid healing
25. Which physiotherapy tool is commonly used for balance training?
(A) Treadmill
(B) Wobble board
(C) Pulley system
(D) Ultrasound
26. Which medication increases the risk of falls in elderly?
(A) Analgesics
(B) Sedatives
(C) Antibiotics
(D) Vitamins
27. Which of the following is NOT an age-related cardiovascular change?
(A) Decreased cardiac output
(B) Increased arterial stiffness
(C) Increased maximum heart rate
(D) Reduced VO₂ max
28. The most important precaution in physiotherapy for elderly with osteoporosis is:
(A) Avoid spinal flexion and twisting
(B) Avoid gentle stretching
(C) Avoid deep breathing exercises
(D) Avoid balance exercises
29. What is the most effective intervention to reduce fall risk?
(A) Vision correction only
(B) Home hazard modification and exercise
(C) Bracing only
(D) Massage therapy
30. Which of the following is a psychological issue commonly associated with aging?
(A) ADHD
(B) Depression
(C) Autism
(D) Schizophrenia onset
31. Which gait aid provides the most support?
(A) Single cane
(B) Quad cane
(C) Walker
(D) Crutches
32. Which muscle group is most important to strengthen for fall prevention?
(A) Wrist flexors
(B) Quadriceps and gluteals
(C) Neck muscles
(D) Finger extensors
33. A common cause of reduced lung function in elderly is:
(A) Increased chest wall compliance
(B) Decreased lung elasticity
(C) Increased alveolar surface area
(D) Increased respiratory muscle strength
34. Which therapy helps prevent joint stiffness in immobile elderly patients?
(A) Passive ROM exercises
(B) Shockwave therapy
(C) Cryotherapy
(D) TENS
35. Which program is most effective for preventing falls?
(A) Tai Chi
(B) Jogging
(C) Weightlifting
(D) Sprinting
36. The leading cause of hospitalization in elderly is:
(A) Falls
(B) Heart disease
(C) Stroke
(D) Pneumonia
37. Which of the following contributes to increased fracture risk in geriatrics?
(A) Stronger muscles
(B) Osteoporosis
(C) Greater coordination
(D) Hypermobility
38. Which exercise is best to maintain flexibility in elderly?
(A) Stretching
(B) Plyometrics
(C) Sprinting
(D) Weightlifting
39. Which intervention is best for arthritis pain relief in elderly?
(A) Cryotherapy
(B) Hydrotherapy
(C) Ultrasound
(D) TENS
40. Which of the following is a common postural change with age?
(A) Scoliosis
(B) Thoracic kyphosis
(C) Cervical lordosis increase
(D) Lumbar hyperlordosis
41. Which vitamin is essential for calcium absorption in elderly?
(A) Vitamin A
(B) Vitamin D
(C) Vitamin E
(D) Vitamin K
42. The “fear of falling” in elderly often leads to:
(A) Increased activity levels
(B) Reduced physical activity and deconditioning
(C) Improved balance
(D) Better confidence
43. Which test is commonly used to measure balance in elderly?
(A) Berg Balance Scale
(B) MMSE
(C) Apgar score
(D) Mini-Nutritional Assessment
44. Which exercise is contraindicated in severe osteoporosis?
(A) Gentle stretching
(B) Spinal flexion sit-ups
(C) Balance training
(D) Walking
45. Which condition is most associated with immobility in geriatrics?
(A) Contractures
(B) Increased flexibility
(C) Stronger muscles
(D) Better posture
46. Which gait aid is best for patients with mild unilateral weakness?
(A) Cane
(B) Walker
(C) Crutches
(D) Wheelchair
47. The “chair stand test” assesses:
(A) Lower limb strength
(B) Upper limb strength
(C) Memory
(D) Pulmonary function
48. Which of the following is NOT a goal of geriatric physiotherapy?
(A) Maintain independence
(B) Prevent falls
(C) Reverse aging
(D) Improve quality of life
49. Which form of exercise helps maintain cardiovascular fitness in elderly?
(A) Brisk walking
(B) Powerlifting
(C) Sprinting
(D) High jumps
50. What is the safest way to improve mobility in frail elderly patients?
(A) Progressive functional training
(B) Aggressive strengthening
(C) Competitive sports
(D) Long bed rest