1. Which is the functional unit of the kidney?
(A) Nephron
(B) Glomerulus
(C) Neuron
(D) Tubule
2. The normal resting heart rate in adults is:
(A) 40–50 bpm
(B) 60–100 bpm
(C) 100–120 bpm
(D) 120–140 bpm
3. The sliding filament theory explains:
(A) Nerve conduction
(B) Muscle contraction
(C) Bone remodeling
(D) Joint lubrication
4. Which ion is essential for muscle contraction?
(A) Sodium (Na⁺)
(B) Potassium (K⁺)
(C) Calcium (Ca²⁺)
(D) Chloride (Cl⁻)
5. Which neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction?
(A) Dopamine
(B) Acetylcholine
(C) GABA
(D) Serotonin
6. The cardiac pacemaker is located in:
(A) AV node
(B) SA node
(C) Bundle of His
(D) Purkinje fibers
7. The volume of air inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing is:
(A) Residual volume
(B) Vital capacity
(C) Tidal volume
(D) Inspiratory reserve volume
8. The normal tidal volume in adults is approximately:
(A) 100 ml
(B) 250 ml
(C) 500 ml
(D) 1000 ml
9. The primary energy source during high-intensity exercise is:
(A) Fatty acids
(B) Proteins
(C) Glycogen
(D) Vitamins
10. Which vitamin is essential for calcium absorption?
(A) Vitamin A
(B) Vitamin B12
(C) Vitamin C
(D) Vitamin D
11. Oxygen is transported in the blood mainly bound to:
(A) Plasma
(B) Hemoglobin
(C) Platelets
(D) WBCs
12. Which part of the brain regulates respiration?
(A) Cerebellum
(B) Medulla oblongata
(C) Thalamus
(D) Frontal lobe
13. Normal blood pH is:
(A) 6.8–7.0
(B) 7.35–7.45
(C) 7.8–8.0
(D) 6.0–6.5
14. Which type of muscle is involuntary and striated?
(A) Skeletal muscle
(B) Smooth muscle
(C) Cardiac muscle
(D) Ligament
15. The neurotransmitter involved in Parkinson’s disease deficiency is:
(A) Acetylcholine
(B) Serotonin
(C) Dopamine
(D) GABA
16. Stroke volume refers to:
(A) Volume of blood pumped per beat
(B) Volume of blood per minute
(C) Residual lung volume
(D) Plasma volume
17. Cardiac output is calculated as:
(A) Stroke volume × Heart rate
(B) Heart rate × Blood pressure
(C) Stroke volume × Respiratory rate
(D) Tidal volume × Heart rate
18. Which hormone regulates blood sugar by lowering glucose?
(A) Insulin
(B) Glucagon
(C) Cortisol
(D) Adrenaline
19. Which hormone increases blood calcium levels?
(A) Calcitonin
(B) Parathyroid hormone
(C) Insulin
(D) Aldosterone
20. Normal systolic blood pressure in adults is about:
(A) 80 mmHg
(B) 100 mmHg
(C) 120 mmHg
(D) 140 mmHg
21. Which blood cells are responsible for immunity?
(A) RBCs
(B) WBCs
(C) Platelets
(D) Plasma proteins
22. Which blood cells are responsible for clotting?
(A) RBCs
(B) Platelets
(C) Neutrophils
(D) Monocytes
23. The largest part of the brain is:
(A) Cerebellum
(B) Cerebrum
(C) Medulla
(D) Brainstem
24. Which part of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for “fight or flight”?
(A) Parasympathetic
(B) Sympathetic
(C) Somatic
(D) Enteric
25. Which is the functional unit of the nervous system?
(A) Axon
(B) Neuron
(C) Dendrite
(D) Synapse
26. The refractory period in muscle contraction refers to:
(A) Muscle relaxation time
(B) Inability to contract again immediately
(C) Resting phase of ATP production
(D) Oxygen deficit recovery
27. The Bohr effect refers to:
(A) Increased O₂ binding to hemoglobin at low CO₂
(B) Decreased O₂ affinity at high CO₂
(C) Increased heart rate after exercise
(D) Nerve conduction speed increase
28. Which structure is called the “powerhouse of the cell”?
(A) Ribosome
(B) Nucleus
(C) Mitochondria
(D) Endoplasmic reticulum
29. The primary function of ATP is:
(A) Information storage
(B) Energy transfer
(C) Protein synthesis
(D) Immunity
30. During exercise, lactic acid is formed due to:
(A) Aerobic metabolism
(B) Anaerobic glycolysis
(C) Protein breakdown
(D) Fat oxidation
31. Which lung volume cannot be measured by a spirometer?
(A) Inspiratory reserve volume
(B) Expiratory reserve volume
(C) Residual volume
(D) Tidal volume
32. The Frank-Starling law relates to:
(A) Lung elasticity
(B) Muscle strength
(C) Stroke volume increases with preload
(D) Nerve conduction velocity
33. Which electrolyte imbalance causes muscle cramps?
(A) Sodium excess
(B) Potassium deficiency
(C) Calcium deficiency
(D) Magnesium excess
34. The synapse is the junction between:
(A) Two neurons
(B) Neuron and muscle
(C) Neuron and gland
(D) All of the above
35. Which type of muscle fibers are fatigue-resistant?
(A) Fast-twitch (Type IIb)
(B) Slow-twitch (Type I)
(C) Intermediate fibers
(D) Hybrid fibers
36. Which hormone regulates water balance?
(A) Insulin
(B) ADH (vasopressin)
(C) Thyroxine
(D) Cortisol
37. Which part of the ECG represents ventricular depolarization?
(A) P wave
(B) QRS complex
(C) T wave
(D) PR interval
38. Which vitamin is essential for blood clotting?
(A) Vitamin A
(B) Vitamin K
(C) Vitamin D
(D) Vitamin C
39. Which mineral is stored in bone and important for contraction?
(A) Iron
(B) Calcium
(C) Magnesium
(D) Potassium
40. Hyperventilation causes:
(A) Respiratory acidosis
(B) Respiratory alkalosis
(C) Metabolic acidosis
(D) Metabolic alkalosis
41. The refractory period in the heart prevents:
(A) Tetany of cardiac muscle
(B) Muscle fatigue
(C) Blood pooling
(D) Heart block
42. Which organ produces bile?
(A) Liver
(B) Gallbladder
(C) Pancreas
(D) Stomach
43. Which digestive enzyme breaks down starch?
(A) Pepsin
(B) Lipase
(C) Amylase
(D) Trypsin
44. Which is the primary respiratory muscle?
(A) Intercostals
(B) Sternocleidomastoid
(C) Diaphragm
(D) Scalene muscles
45. Which hormone regulates metabolism?
(A) Thyroxine
(B) Cortisol
(C) Estrogen
(D) Growth hormone
46. The normal respiratory rate in adults is:
(A) 6–10 breaths/min
(B) 12–20 breaths/min
(C) 25–30 breaths/min
(D) 30–40 breaths/min
47. Which brain lobe controls voluntary movement?
(A) Frontal lobe
(B) Parietal lobe
(C) Temporal lobe
(D) Occipital lobe
48. Which hormone is secreted by the adrenal medulla?
(A) Cortisol
(B) Aldosterone
(C) Adrenaline
(D) Testosterone
49. Which cranial nerve regulates heart rate and digestion?
(A) Trigeminal nerve
(B) Facial nerve
(C) Glossopharyngeal nerve
(D) Vagus nerve
50. Which physiological principle explains muscle hypertrophy after exercise?
(A) Wolff’s law
(B) Law of Laplace
(C) Overload principle
(D) Bohr effect