1. The functional unit of the kidney is:
(A) Nephron
(B) Glomerulus
(C) Collecting duct
(D) Loop of Henle
2. Which hormone is produced by the kidney?
(A) Aldosterone
(B) ADH
(C) Erythropoietin
(D) Insulin
3. Normal glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in adults is approximately:
(A) 25 mL/min
(B) 60 mL/min
(C) 90–120 mL/min
(D) 200 mL/min
4. The most common cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) worldwide is:
(A) Hypertension
(B) Diabetes mellitus
(C) Glomerulonephritis
(D) Polycystic kidney disease
5. Which electrolyte imbalance is most common in chronic kidney disease?
(A) Hypokalemia
(B) Hyperkalemia
(C) Hypernatremia
(D) Hypocalcemia
6. The most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults is:
(A) Minimal change disease
(B) Membranous nephropathy
(C) FSGS
(D) Diabetic nephropathy
7. Which is the hallmark of nephrotic syndrome?
3.5 g/day’)”> (A) Hematuria
3.5 g/day” onclick=”checkAnswer(‘q7’, ‘Proteinuria >3.5 g/day’)”> (B) Proteinuria >3.5 g/day
3.5 g/day’)”> (C) Hypertension
3.5 g/day’)”> (D) Oliguria
8. Hematuria with red cell casts is most suggestive of:
(A) Pyelonephritis
(B) Nephrotic syndrome
(C) Glomerulonephritis
(D) Cystitis
9. The most common type of kidney stone is:
(A) Uric acid stone
(B) Calcium oxalate stone
(C) Struvite stone
(D) Cystine stone
10. Which diuretic acts on the loop of Henle?
(A) Thiazides
(B) Loop diuretics
(C) Potassium-sparing diuretics
(D) Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
11. Which imaging modality is most sensitive for detecting kidney stones?
(A) Ultrasound
(B) X-ray KUB
(C) Non-contrast CT scan
(D) MRI
12. The triad of hematuria, flank pain, and abdominal mass is characteristic of:
(A) Wilms tumor
(B) Renal cell carcinoma
(C) Polycystic kidney disease
(D) Hydronephrosis
13. Which antibody is associated with Goodpasture’s syndrome?
(A) Anti-dsDNA
(B) Anti-GBM
(C) ANCA
(D) Anti-Smith
14. Which electrolyte imbalance is common in tumor lysis syndrome?
(A) Hypokalemia
(B) Hyperkalemia
(C) Hypophosphatemia
(D) Hypouricemia
15. The gold standard test for measuring GFR is:
(A) Serum creatinine
(B) Inulin clearance
(C) Creatinine clearance
(D) Cystatin C
16. Which condition shows “cola-colored urine”?
(A) Cystitis
(B) Nephrotic syndrome
(C) Acute glomerulonephritis
(D) Pyelonephritis
17. Which drug is nephrotoxic?
(A) Acetaminophen
(B) Aminoglycosides
(C) Penicillin
(D) Metformin
18. Which disease is characterized by multiple renal cysts?
(A) Horseshoe kidney
(B) Polycystic kidney disease
(C) Hydronephrosis
(D) Renal dysplasia
19. Which renal complication is common in SLE?
(A) Minimal change disease
(B) Membranoproliferative GN
(C) Lupus nephritis
(D) FSGS
20. Which hormone regulates water reabsorption in the kidney?
(A) Aldosterone
(B) ADH
(C) ANP
(D) Renin
21. Which test detects microalbuminuria?
(A) Urine dipstick
(B) 24-hour urine protein
(C) Spot urine albumin/creatinine ratio
(D) Serum creatinine
22. The most common cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) is:
(A) Post-renal obstruction
(B) Pre-renal azotemia
(C) Intrinsic renal disease
(D) Glomerulonephritis
23. Which diuretic is potassium-sparing?
(A) Furosemide
(B) Spironolactone
(C) Hydrochlorothiazide
(D) Mannitol
24. Which test is used to confirm diagnosis of renal artery stenosis?
(A) Doppler ultrasound
(B) CT angiography
(C) MR angiography
(D) All of the above
25. Which drug is contraindicated in bilateral renal artery stenosis?
(A) Beta-blockers
(B) ACE inhibitors
(C) Calcium channel blockers
(D) Diuretics
26. Which kidney disease shows “spike and dome” appearance on EM?
(A) Minimal change disease
(B) Membranous nephropathy
(C) FSGS
(D) MPGN
27. Which renal pathology is associated with HIV?
(A) Minimal change disease
(B) Lupus nephritis
(C) FSGS
(D) MPGN
28. Which stone is associated with infection by urease-producing bacteria?
(A) Calcium oxalate
(B) Uric acid
(C) Struvite
(D) Cystine
29. Which drug is used to prevent uric acid stones?
(A) Thiazides
(B) Allopurinol
(C) Furosemide
(D) Spironolactone
30. Which drug is used to treat hyperkalemia?
(A) Insulin + glucose
(B) Calcium gluconate
(C) Sodium bicarbonate
(D) All of the above
31. Which electrolyte imbalance causes peaked T waves?
(A) Hypokalemia
(B) Hyperkalemia
(C) Hypocalcemia
(D) Hypernatremia
32. Which test best assesses renal function?
(A) Serum creatinine
(B) BUN
(C) GFR
(D) Urine dipstick
33. Which drug causes SIADH?
(A) Lithium
(B) Carbamazepine
(C) Amphotericin
(D) NSAIDs
34. Hemodialysis is indicated when GFR falls below:
(A) 60 mL/min
(B) 30 mL/min
(C) 15 mL/min
(D) 5 mL/min
35. Which test is gold standard for diagnosing renal tuberculosis?
(A) Urine culture
(B) Urine PCR for TB
(C) IVP
(D) CT scan
36. Which renal disease is most common in children?
(A) FSGS
(B) Minimal change disease
(C) MPGN
(D) Lupus nephritis
37. Which kidney disease is associated with Hepatitis B?
(A) Membranous nephropathy
(B) Minimal change disease
(C) MPGN
(D) FSGS
38. Which kidney disease is associated with Hepatitis C?
(A) Minimal change disease
(B) MPGN
(C) FSGS
(D) Amyloidosis
39. Which condition shows “tram-track” appearance on EM?
(A) Membranous nephropathy
(B) MPGN
(C) Minimal change disease
(D) FSGS
40. Which condition presents with oliguria, azotemia, and edema?
(A) AKI
(B) CKD
(C) Nephrotic syndrome
(D) Diabetes insipidus
41. Which is the earliest marker of diabetic nephropathy?
(A) Microalbuminuria
(B) Serum creatinine
(C) GFR decline
(D) Hypertension
42. Which drug reduces proteinuria in diabetic nephropathy?
(A) Thiazides
(B) Beta-blockers
(C) ACE inhibitors
(D) NSAIDs
43. Which condition shows “waxing and waning” casts in urine?
(A) AKI
(B) CKD
(C) Nephrotic syndrome
(D) Pyelonephritis
44. Which diuretic is used in cerebral edema?
(A) Mannitol
(B) Furosemide
(C) Thiazides
(D) Spironolactone
45. Which condition presents with polyuria, polydipsia, and dilute urine?
(A) SIADH
(B) Diabetes insipidus
(C) CKD
(D) Nephrotic syndrome
46. Which electrolyte imbalance causes muscle weakness and arrhythmias?
(A) Hypokalemia
(B) Hypernatremia
(C) Hypercalcemia
(D) Hyponatremia
47. Which drug is ototoxic and nephrotoxic?
(A) Furosemide
(B) Aminoglycosides
(C) Cisplatin
(D) All of the above
48. Which condition shows enlarged kidneys with cysts and liver involvement?
(A) Simple renal cysts
(B) ADPKD
(C) ARPKD
(D) Hydronephrosis
49. Which acid–base disturbance is common in CKD?
(A) Respiratory acidosis
(B) Metabolic acidosis
(C) Respiratory alkalosis
(D) Metabolic alkalosis
50. Which renal disease is associated with palpable purpura and IgA deposition?
(A) Lupus nephritis
(B) Henoch–Schönlein purpura
(C) Goodpasture’s syndrome
(D) MPGN