1. Which component is essential for PCR?

(A) DNA ligase

(B) Lysozyme

(C) Taq polymerase

(D) Restriction enzyme

2. A plasmid is best described as:

(A) A viral protein

(B) A circular DNA molecule

(C) A carbohydrate chain

(D) A lipid membrane

3. CRISPR-Cas9 is widely used for:

(A) Gene editing

(B) DNA sequencing

(C) Protein folding

(D) RNA translation

4. Bt toxin is produced by:

(A) Rhizobium

(B) Streptococcus

(C) Lactobacillus

(D) Bacillus thuringiensis

5. Which technique separates DNA fragments based on size?

(A) Centrifugation

(B) Chromatography

(C) Filtration

(D) Gel electrophoresis

6. Which organism is commonly used for ethanol fermentation?

(A) Virus

(B) Algae

(C) Yeast

(D) Protozoa

7. Golden Rice is genetically modified to produce:

(A) Vitamin A

(B) Omega-3

(C) Vitamin B

(D) Iron

8. DNA ligase catalyzes the formation of:

(A) Phosphodiester bonds

(B) RNA fragments

(C) Peptide bonds

(D) Glycosidic bonds

9. Which technique is used to amplify DNA?

(A) ELISA

(B) Western blot

(C) PCR

(D) Electroporation

10. A GMO is defined as an organism whose genome has been:

(A) Reduced

(B) Chemically dissolved

(C) Replaced with RNA

(D) Artificially modified

11. Tissue culture requires a:

(A) Virus-free environment

(B) Sterile environment

(C) Cell-free medium

(D) Fungal-rich environment

12. A bioreactor is used for:

(A) Large-scale cell growth

(B) Chemical extraction

(C) Fossil study

(D) DNA fingerprinting

13. Sanger sequencing uses which special nucleotide?

(A) dATP

(B) ddNTP

(C) rRNA

(D) tRNA

14. Which enzyme unwinds DNA during replication?

(A) Ligase

(B) Protease

(C) Polymerase

(D) Helicase

15. ELISA is commonly used to detect:

(A) Proteins and antibodies

(B) Lipids

(C) Minerals

(D) Starch

16. Micropropagation is widely used in:

(A) Plant multiplication

(B) Animal cloning

(C) Protein synthesis

(D) Soil purification

17. Which DNA sequence is best for fingerprinting?

(A) Exons

(B) VNTRs

(C) Mitochondrial genes

(D) Chloroplast genes

18. Which organism fixes nitrogen naturally?

(A) Paramecium

(B) Penicillium

(C) Rhizobium

(D) Clostridium

19. Recombinant insulin is produced using:

(A) Fish cells

(B) Bacterial cells

(C) Plant cells

(D) Fungal spores

20. A clone is a group of individuals that are:

(A) Different in DNA

(B) Genetically identical

(C) Always hybrids

(D) Always sterile

21. Which method introduces DNA into bacteria?

(A) Coagulation

(B) Oxidation

(C) Transformation

(D) Respiration

22. The first cloned mammal was:

(A) Molly

(B) Holly

(C) Nancy

(D) Dolly

23. Which technique is used to study gene expression?

(A) DNA microarray

(B) SDS-PAGE

(C) Centrifugation

(D) X-ray diffraction

24. Biofuel is typically produced from:

(A) Plastic

(B) Salts

(C) Metal oxides

(D) Biomass

25. Gene therapy aims to correct:

(A) Chemical reactions

(B) Heat balance

(C) Genetic disorders

(D) Respiration rate

26. PHB is an example of:

(A) Synthetic polymer

(B) Biodegradable plastic

(C) Metal alloy

(D) Radioactive tracer

27. Which gas is produced in anaerobic digestion?

(A) Methane

(B) Nitrogen

(C) Chlorine

(D) Ozone

28. DNA fingerprinting is also known as:

(A) Genetic painting

(B) DNA polishing

(C) Gene blocking

(D) DNA profiling

29. Monoclonal antibodies are produced through:

(A) PCR

(B) Hybridoma technology

(C) Cloning vectors

(D) RNA splicing

30. Enzyme immobilization improves:

(A) Solubility

(B) Mutation

(C) Reusability

(D) Osmosis

31. Gene mapping is used to locate:

(A) Metabolic pathways

(B) Protein shapes

(C) Gene positions on chromosomes

(D) Water content

32. Restriction enzymes recognize:

(A) Specific DNA sequences

(B) Random sequences

(C) Protein structures

(D) Lipid chains

33. Western blotting detects:

(A) DNA

(B) Proteins

(C) RNA

(D) Minerals

34. Agrobacterium tumefaciens is used for:

(A) Plant gene transfer

(B) Animal cloning

(C) Human vaccines

(D) Soil formation

35. The Human Genome Project aimed to:

(A) Sequence all human genes

(B) Cure cancer

(C) Increase crop yield

(D) Improve livestock

36. A vector must contain a:

(A) Ribosome

(B) Water channel

(C) Lipid coat

(D) Replication origin

37. Which molecule carries amino acids in protein synthesis?

(A) rRNA

(B) mRNA

(C) tRNA

(D) siRNA

38. Which process helps silence genes?

(A) Polymerization

(B) RNA interference

(C) Translation

(D) Respiration

39. A transgenic organism contains:

(A) No DNA

(B) Only RNA

(C) A gene from another species

(D) Extra proteins

40. Which method forces DNA into cells using electric pulses?

(A) Filtration

(B) Electroporation

(C) Dialysis

(D) Digestion

41. DNA is negatively charged due to:

(A) Nitrogen bases

(B) Phosphate groups

(C) Hydrogen bonds

(D) Ribose sugar

42. Restriction fragments differ in size because of:

(A) Weather

(B) Enzyme cutting sites

(C) Temperature

(D) Light exposure

43. The study of all proteins in an organism is called:

(A) Proteomics

(B) Transcriptomics

(C) Genomics

(D) Biostatistics

44. Ethidium bromide is used to:

(A) Cut DNA

(B) Dry DNA

(C) Heat DNA

(D) Visualize DNA

45. Which polymerase is heat-stable?

(A) Taq polymerase

(B) RNA polymerase

(C) DNA polymerase I

(D) Primase

46. Antibiotics like penicillin are produced by:

(A) Viruses

(B) Animals

(C) Plants

(D) Fungi

47. The function of mRNA is to:

(A) Carry genetic code to ribosomes

(B) Carry amino acids

(C) Form ribosomes

(D) Destroy DNA

48. A genome is defined as:

(A) Protein structure

(B) Cell membrane

(C) RNA chain

(D) Complete genetic material

49. A DNA sequence that regulates gene expression is called a:

(A) Cell wall

(B) Codon

(C) Promoter

(D) Ion channel

50. Bioremediation uses organisms to:

(A) Generate electricity

(B) Destroy RNA

(C) Produce metals

(D) Clean pollutants