1. Which key difference distinguishes running from walking?
(A) Presence of double support
(B) Absence of double support
(C) Shorter stride length
(D) Lower ground reaction force
2. The flight phase in running refers to:
(A) Both feet in contact with the ground
(B) Both feet off the ground
(C) One foot in stance, one in swing
(D) None of the above
3. Ground reaction forces in running are approximately:
(A) 1 × body weight
(B) 1.5 × body weight
(C) 2–3 × body weight
(D) 5 × body weight
4. Which phase is absent in running compared to walking?
(A) Swing phase
(B) Flight phase
(C) Double support phase
(D) Mid stance phase
5. Running cadence for recreational runners typically ranges between:
(A) 100–120 steps/min
(B) 140–160 steps/min
(C) 160–180 steps/min
(D) 200–220 steps/min
6. The primary role of quadriceps during early stance in running is:
(A) Absorb shock
(B) Provide propulsion
(C) Stabilize trunk
(D) Flex the hip
7. Which muscle group provides propulsion during toe-off in running?
(A) Hamstrings
(B) Gastrocnemius and soleus
(C) Quadriceps
(D) Hip adductors
8. Which running style involves landing on the heel first?
(A) Midfoot strike
(B) Forefoot strike
(C) Heel strike
(D) Toe-only strike
9. Forefoot striking typically reduces:
(A) Calf muscle activity
(B) Impact loading rate
(C) Ankle plantarflexion
(D) Achilles tendon stress
10. Running efficiency improves with:
(A) Excessive vertical oscillation
(B) Forward trunk lean of 10–15°
(C) Wide step width
(D) Low cadence
11. The primary shock absorbers in running are:
(A) Joints only
(B) Muscles only
(C) Muscles, tendons, and joints
(D) Bones only
12. Running economy refers to:
(A) Energy cost per unit distance
(B) Speed per step length
(C) Ground reaction force ratio
(D) None of the above
13. The Achilles tendon stores and releases energy during:
(A) Swing phase
(B) Stance phase
(C) Flight phase
(D) Double support
14. Vertical ground reaction forces during running have how many peaks?
(A) One
(B) Two
(C) Three
(D) None
15. Which factor most increases injury risk in running?
(A) Gradual load progression
(B) High impact loading rates
(C) Proper cadence
(D) Balanced stride length
16. Which type of running reduces impact on the knees?
(A) Uphill running
(B) Downhill running
(C) Sprinting
(D) Jogging
17. Which factor is most associated with shin splints?
(A) Overstriding
(B) Proper cadence
(C) Short steps
(D) Arm swing
18. Which running surface produces the highest ground reaction forces?
(A) Grass
(B) Treadmill
(C) Asphalt
(D) Sand
19. The stretch-shortening cycle is primarily used in:
(A) Running
(B) Swimming
(C) Cycling
(D) Rowing
20. Which joint absorbs the highest loads during running?
(A) Shoulder
(B) Knee
(C) Ankle
(D) Hip
21. The average stride length in running is approximately:
(A) 0.5 m
(B) 1.0 m
(C) 1.5–2.0 m
(D) 3.0 m
22. In running biomechanics, “overstriding” refers to:
(A) Step width too wide
(B) Heel striking far ahead of the center of mass
(C) Excessive knee flexion
(D) Arm crossing midline
23. Which plane of motion dominates in running?
(A) Sagittal
(B) Frontal
(C) Transverse
(D) Coronal
24. Running speed is determined by:
(A) Stride length × cadence
(B) Cadence ÷ stride length
(C) Stride length ÷ cadence
(D) Stride width × cadence
25. Which factor reduces running economy?
(A) Optimal stride length
(B) Low vertical oscillation
(C) High arm swing
(D) Proper cadence
26. The hip extensors are most active during:
(A) Swing phase
(B) Early stance
(C) Flight phase
(D) None of the above
27. Which strike pattern increases Achilles tendon loading?
(A) Heel strike
(B) Midfoot strike
(C) Forefoot strike
(D) None of the above
28. Which biomechanical factor decreases during fatigue in running?
(A) Step width
(B) Stride length
(C) Cadence
(D) Step frequency
29. Energy is stored elastically in tendons during:
(A) Loading response
(B) Flight phase
(C) Swing phase
(D) Toe-off
30. Which type of muscle contraction dominates in shock absorption while running?
(A) Concentric
(B) Eccentric
(C) Isometric
(D) None of the above
31. The typical ground contact time in running is approximately:
(A) 50 ms
(B) 100–200 ms
(C) 500 ms
(D) 1 second
32. Which factor is most important for sprinting performance?
(A) Step width
(B) Vertical oscillation
(C) Stride frequency
(D) Double support
33. Arm swing during running helps to:
(A) Increase cadence
(B) Reduce trunk rotation
(C) Maintain balance
(D) Shorten stride length
34. Which factor increases braking forces in running?
(A) Forward trunk lean
(B) Overstriding
(C) Proper cadence
(D) Running uphill
35. Running barefoot typically increases:
(A) Heel striking
(B) Forefoot striking
(C) Vertical oscillation
(D) Step width
36. Which joint primarily controls shock absorption in running?
(A) Knee
(B) Ankle
(C) Hip
(D) Shoulder
37. Increased cadence in running generally:
(A) Increases impact forces
(B) Decreases overstriding
(C) Increases braking
(D) Reduces efficiency
38. The “flight phase” is longest in:
(A) Walking
(B) Jogging
(C) Sprinting
(D) Slow running
39. Which factor decreases when running uphill?
(A) Ground contact time
(B) Propulsive forces
(C) Impact forces
(D) Muscle activation
40. Downhill running typically increases:
(A) Propulsion
(B) Braking forces
(C) Energy storage in tendons
(D) Cadence
41. The spring-mass model in running refers to:
(A) Bones as rigid springs
(B) Body acting like a spring compressing and recoiling
(C) Joints acting as springs
(D) Arms swinging like springs
42. Running speed is more improved by:
(A) Step width
(B) Stride length and cadence
(C) Arm swing only
(D) Knee valgus
43. Which variable decreases during sprint fatigue?
(A) Cadence
(B) Stride length
(C) Vertical oscillation
(D) Ground contact time
44. Which factor most reduces knee joint load in running?
(A) Leaning backward
(B) Running downhill
(C) Running uphill
(D) Overstriding
45. Which running pattern increases stress on the calf muscles?
(A) Heel strike
(B) Midfoot strike
(C) Forefoot strike
(D) None of the above
46. In sprinting, the majority of force production occurs during:
(A) Swing phase
(B) Ground contact
(C) Flight phase
(D) Recovery phase
47. Which muscle group is most important for propulsion in sprinting?
(A) Hip extensors
(B) Ankle plantarflexors
(C) Quadriceps
(D) Hamstrings
48. Running economy is negatively affected by:
(A) Overstriding
(B) Proper cadence
(C) Efficient arm swing
(D) Elastic recoil
49. Elite distance runners often demonstrate:
(A) Low cadence
(B) Minimal vertical oscillation
(C) Wide step width
(D) Excessive braking
50. Running biomechanics training aims to:
(A) Improve efficiency
(B) Reduce injury risk
(C) Enhance performance
(D) All of the above