1. The process of wound healing involves:
(A) Inflammation, proliferation, remodeling
(B) Proliferation, infection, fibrosis
(C) Remodeling, necrosis, contraction
(D) Necrosis, fibrosis, scarring
2. The first phase of wound healing is:
(A) Proliferation
(B) Remodeling
(C) Inflammatory phase
(D) Maturation
3. The cells mainly responsible for wound contraction are:
(A) Neutrophils
(B) Macrophages
(C) Myofibroblasts
(D) Mast cells
4. Collagen deposition in wound healing begins in:
(A) 1st day
(B) 3rd day
(C) 5th day
(D) 10th day
5. The predominant collagen in scar tissue is:
(A) Type I
(B) Type II
(C) Type III
(D) Type IV
6. Angiogenesis in wound healing is stimulated by:
(A) VEGF
(B) TNF-alpha
(C) IL-6
(D) TGF-beta
7. The most important nutrient for collagen synthesis is:
(A) Vitamin A
(B) Vitamin C
(C) Vitamin D
(D) Vitamin K
8. Which vitamin deficiency delays wound healing by inhibiting epithelialization?
(A) Vitamin A
(B) Vitamin B12
(C) Vitamin C
(D) Vitamin D
9. Primary intention healing occurs in:
(A) Clean surgical wounds closed with sutures
(B) Large open wounds left without closure
(C) Infected wounds
(D) Pressure ulcers
10. Healing by secondary intention is seen in:
(A) Surgical incisions
(B) Open contaminated wounds
(C) Sterile lacerations
(D) Sutured wounds
11. Tertiary intention healing is also called:
(A) Secondary closure
(B) Delayed primary closure
(C) Spontaneous closure
(D) Continuous closure
12. Excessive collagen deposition in wound healing leads to:
(A) Keloid
(B) Atrophy
(C) Ulcer
(D) Sinus formation
13. Hypertrophic scars differ from keloids in that they:
(A) Recur after excision
(B) Extend beyond wound margins
(C) Remain confined to wound margins
(D) Are hereditary
14. Which wound complication involves wound opening with bowel protrusion?
(A) Dehiscence
(B) Hernia
(C) Evisceration
(D) Sinus
15. The earliest sign of wound infection is:
(A) Pus discharge
(B) Fever
(C) Redness and warmth
(D) Wound dehiscence
16. The most common organism causing surgical site infection is:
(A) Staphylococcus aureus
(B) Streptococcus pyogenes
(C) Pseudomonas aeruginosa
(D) Klebsiella pneumoniae
17. Gas gangrene is most commonly caused by:
(A) Clostridium perfringens
(B) Staphylococcus aureus
(C) Streptococcus pyogenes
(D) Escherichia coli
18. Tetanus is caused by:
(A) Clostridium perfringens
(B) Clostridium tetani
(C) Staphylococcus aureus
(D) Klebsiella
19. The toxin responsible for tetanus symptoms is:
(A) Tetanospasmin
(B) Botulinum toxin
(C) Alpha toxin
(D) Endotoxin
20. The gold standard for sterilization of surgical instruments is:
(A) Autoclaving
(B) Hot air oven
(C) UV radiation
(D) Boiling
21. Autoclaving uses:
(A) Dry heat
(B) Moist heat under pressure
(C) UV radiation
(D) Filtration
22. The standard autoclave condition is:
(A) 121°C for 15 minutes at 15 psi
(B) 160°C for 1 hour
(C) 100°C for 15 minutes
(D) 140°C for 20 minutes
23. The method used for sterilization of heat-sensitive instruments like endoscopes is:
(A) Autoclaving
(B) Ethylene oxide gas
(C) Boiling
(D) Hot air oven
24. Hand scrubbing before surgery is primarily done to remove:
(A) Resident flora
(B) Transient flora
(C) Spores
(D) All of the above
25. The most effective antiseptic for preoperative skin preparation is:
(A) Alcohol
(B) Iodine solution
(C) Chlorhexidine
(D) Dettol
26. Which suture material is absorbable?
(A) Silk
(B) Nylon
(C) Vicryl
(D) Prolene
27. Which suture material is non-absorbable?
(A) Catgut
(B) Vicryl
(C) Prolene
(D) Polyglycolic acid
28. Wound dehiscence commonly occurs on:
(A) 1st day
(B) 3rd–7th day
(C) 2nd week
(D) After 1 month
29. Which wound dressing promotes moist wound healing?
(A) Dry gauze
(B) Hydrocolloid
(C) Plain cotton
(D) Bandage only
30. Which is the most important factor in preventing surgical site infection?
(A) Proper wound dressing
(B) Good surgical technique
(C) Prolonged antibiotic use
(D) Frequent suture change
31. The clean-contaminated wound category includes:
(A) Appendectomy
(B) Breast surgery
(C) Hernia repair
(D) Splenectomy
32. The most common cause of hospital-acquired infection is:
(A) MRSA
(B) Pseudomonas
(C) Klebsiella
(D) E. coli
33. Universal precautions are primarily aimed at preventing transmission of:
(A) Tuberculosis
(B) HIV and Hepatitis B
(C) Malaria
(D) Syphilis
34. The golden period for wound debridement is:
(A) Within 2 hours
(B) Within 6 hours
(C) Within 12 hours
(D) Within 24 hours
35. A sinus is defined as:
(A) Blind tract opening externally
(B) Tract opening both externally and internally
(C) Collection of pus
(D) Necrotic tissue
36. A fistula is defined as:
(A) Communication between two epithelial surfaces
(B) Blind tract
(C) Necrotic cavity
(D) Abscess
37. The most common cause of non-healing wound is:
(A) Diabetes mellitus
(B) Hypertension
(C) Vitamin D deficiency
(D) Hyperthyroidism
38. Which systemic factor delays wound healing the most?
(A) Smoking
(B) Diabetes
(C) Steroid therapy
(D) All of the above
39. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy is used in:
(A) Keloid
(B) Gas gangrene
(C) Burns only
(D) Varicose ulcer
40. The ideal suture for skin closure is:
(A) Prolene
(B) Silk
(C) Vicryl
(D) Catgut
41. The most common complication of wound infection is:
(A) Abscess
(B) Septicemia
(C) Dehiscence
(D) Hypertrophic scar
42. Which bacteria is most commonly responsible for gas gangrene?
(A) C. tetani
(B) C. perfringens
(C) C. botulinum
(D) C. difficile
43. The most important local factor for wound healing is:
(A) Oxygen supply
(B) Vitamin C
(C) Collagen
(D) Nutrition
44. Which wound classification has the highest infection risk?
(A) Clean
(B) Clean-contaminated
(C) Contaminated
(D) Dirty
45. In chronic wounds, the most important step before definitive closure is:
(A) Antibiotics
(B) Debridement
(C) Skin grafting
(D) Immobilization
46. Which immunoglobulin plays the most important role in wound infection defense?
(A) IgA
(B) IgE
(C) IgG
(D) IgM
47. Negative pressure wound therapy works by:
(A) Increasing wound perfusion
(B) Decreasing bacterial load
(C) Promoting granulation tissue
(D) All of the above
48. The most common chronic non-healing ulcer of the leg is:
(A) Arterial ulcer
(B) Venous ulcer
(C) Neuropathic ulcer
(D) Pressure ulcer
49. Pressure ulcers are most commonly seen over:
(A) Elbows
(B) Sacrum
(C) Heels
(D) Knees
50. The most effective strategy to prevent surgical site infection is:
(A) Hand hygiene
(B) Double gloves
(C) Broad-spectrum antibiotics for weeks
(D) Special suture material