1. What is the most common type of hernia in infants?
A) Umbilical hernia
B) Inguinal hernia
C) Femoral hernia
D) Hiatal hernia
Answer: B) Inguinal hernia
2. At what age should an umbilical hernia typically be repaired if it has not resolved spontaneously?
A) 6 months
B) 12 months
C) 24 months
D) 36 months
Answer: B) 12 months
3. What is the primary surgical treatment for appendicitis in children?
A) Antibiotics alone
B) Open appendectomy
C) Laparoscopic appendectomy
D) Observation and follow-up
Answer: C) Laparoscopic appendectomy
4. What is the most common congenital anomaly of the gastrointestinal tract in newborns?
A) Duodenal atresia
B) Esophageal atresia
C) Intestinal malrotation
D) Hirschsprung’s disease
Answer: B) Esophageal atresia
5. What is the standard initial management for a pediatric patient with intussusception?
A) Immediate surgery
B) Contrast enema reduction
C) Observation
D) Antibiotic therapy
Answer: B) Contrast enema reduction
6. What is the main concern with untreated Hirschsprung’s disease?
A) Infections
B) Malabsorption
C) Bowel obstruction and enterocolitis
D) Liver failure
Answer: C) Bowel obstruction and enterocolitis
7. What is the typical age for presenting symptoms of pyloric stenosis?
A) Birth to 2 weeks
B) 2 weeks to 2 months
C) 2 months to 6 months
D) 6 months to 1 year
Answer: C) 2 months to 6 months
8. What is the main surgical approach for correcting cryptorchidism if the testes have not descended by 1 year of age?
A) Open orchidopexy
B) Laparoscopic orchidopexy
C) Hormonal therapy
D) Watchful waiting
Answer: A) Open orchidopexy
9. What is the most common cause of bowel obstruction in children under 2 years of age?
A) Adhesions
B) Intussusception
C) Hernias
D) Volvulus
Answer: B) Intussusception
10. What is the primary surgical treatment for congenital diaphragmatic hernia?
A) Antibiotic therapy
B) Immediate surgical repair
C) Intubation and ventilation
D) Observation
Answer: B) Immediate surgical repair
11. What condition involves a failure of the embryonic closure of the abdominal wall, leading to exposure of abdominal contents?
A) Omphalocele
B) Gastroschisis
C) Umbilical hernia
D) Diaphragmatic hernia
Answer: B) Gastroschisis
12. What is the most common complication following a pyeloplasty in children?
A) Wound infection
B) Urinary tract infection
C) Urinary leakage
D) Hydronephrosis
Answer: C) Urinary leakage
13. What is the main goal of surgical intervention for biliary atresia?
A) Liver transplantation
B) Kasai procedure (hepatoportoenterostomy)
C) Cholecystectomy
D) Endoscopic balloon dilation
Answer: B) Kasai procedure (hepatoportoenterostomy)
14. What is the most appropriate management for a child with a non-reducible hernia?
A) Observation
B) Manual reduction
C) Elective hernia repair
D) Antibiotics
Answer: C) Elective hernia repair
15. What is the typical presentation of a child with a tracheoesophageal fistula?
A) Respiratory distress and feeding difficulties
B) Abdominal pain and vomiting
C) Jaundice and weight loss
D) Persistent cough and wheezing
Answer: A) Respiratory distress and feeding difficulties
16. What is the primary treatment for a child with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) and an adrenal crisis?
A) Surgery
B) Hormone replacement therapy
C) Antimicrobial therapy
D) Fluid resuscitation
Answer: D) Fluid resuscitation
17. What is the most common type of appendiceal tumor in children?
A) Neuroblastoma
B) Wilms’ tumor
C) Appendiceal carcinoid tumor
D) Hepatoblastoma
Answer: C) Appendiceal carcinoid tumor
18. What is the first-line treatment for a child diagnosed with Wilms’ tumor?
A) Radiation therapy
B) Chemotherapy
C) Surgery
D) Hormone therapy
Answer: C) Surgery
19. What is the most common presentation of a child with a congenital obstructive uropathy?
A) Fever and dysuria
B) Abdominal pain and hematuria
C) Hydronephrosis and hypertension
D) Enuresis and frequent urinary tract infections
Answer: C) Hydronephrosis and hypertension
20. What is the recommended treatment for a child with a non-functioning appendix?
A) Conservative management
B) Appendectomy
C) Antibiotic therapy
D) Endoscopic removal
Answer: B) Appendectomy
21. What is the most appropriate initial management for a child with a suspected bowel obstruction?
A) Immediate surgery
B) Contrast imaging
C) Intravenous fluids and bowel rest
D) Oral laxatives
Answer: C) Intravenous fluids and bowel rest
22. What condition is characterized by the failure of the embryonic midgut to return to the abdominal cavity, resulting in a bowel herniation?
A) Omphalocele
B) Gastroschisis
C) Umbilical hernia
D) Inguinal hernia
Answer: A) Omphalocele
23. What is the most common congenital abdominal wall defect?
A) Omphalocele
B) Gastroschisis
C) Umbilical hernia
D) Diaphragmatic hernia
Answer: C) Umbilical hernia
24. What is the key feature of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in neonates?
A) Fever and vomiting
B) Abdominal distention and bloody stools
C) Jaundice and lethargy
D) Diarrhea and dehydration
Answer: B) Abdominal distention and bloody stools
25. What is the primary treatment approach for a child with intussusception?
A) Surgical resection
B) Contrast enema reduction
C) Antibiotic therapy
D) Observation
Answer: B) Contrast enema reduction
26. What is the most common congenital anomaly associated with Down syndrome?
A) Congenital heart defects
B) Esophageal atresia
C) Neural tube defects
D) Renal agenesis
Answer: A) Congenital heart defects
27. What is the surgical treatment for a child with a congenital hernia that has incarcerated or strangulated?
A) Elective hernia repair
B) Immediate hernia reduction and repair
C) Observation and follow-up
D) Antibiotic therapy
Answer: B) Immediate hernia reduction and repair
28. What is the typical surgical management for a child with a testicular torsion?
A) Manual detorsion and fixation
B) Open surgical exploration and fixation
C) Hormonal therapy
D) Observation
Answer: B) Open surgical exploration and fixation
29. What is the primary goal of surgical treatment for a child with congenital pyloric stenosis?
A) To relieve gastric outlet obstruction
B) To correct electrolyte imbalances
C) To manage dehydration
D) To provide nutritional support
Answer: A) To relieve gastric outlet obstruction
30. What is the most common cause of acute scrotum in children?
A) Testicular torsion
B) Epididymitis
C) Hernia
D) Trauma
Answer: A) Testicular torsion
31. What is the most common method of managing biliary atresia in infants?
A) Liver transplantation
B) Kasai procedure (hepatoportoenterostomy)
C) Medication therapy
D) Nutritional support
Answer: B) Kasai procedure (hepatoportoenterostomy)
32. What is the most common indication for a pediatric tracheostomy?
A) Acute respiratory distress
B) Chronic respiratory failure
C) Obstructive sleep apnea
D) Congenital airway anomalies
Answer: B) Chronic respiratory failure