1. The length-tension relationship describes:
(A) The relationship between muscle length and the force it can produce
(B) The speed of contraction and power output
(C) The relationship between bones and levers
(D) The velocity of muscle relaxation
2. Maximum active tension in muscle is produced at:
(A) Optimal resting length
(B) Very short length
(C) Fully stretched length
(D) Any random length
3. Passive tension in a muscle increases when:
(A) The muscle is stretched beyond resting length
(B) The muscle contracts at slow speed
(C) The muscle shortens
(D) No force is applied
4. The total tension in a muscle equals:
(A) Active tension + passive tension
(B) Active tension – passive tension
(C) Passive tension only
(D) Muscle cross-section × velocity
5. Which proteins form the basis of the sliding filament mechanism?
(A) Actin and myosin
(B) Troponin and tropomyosin
(C) Collagen and elastin
(D) ATP and calcium
6. At very short sarcomere lengths, force decreases due to:
(A) Actin filament overlap and interference
(B) Stronger cross-bridge formation
(C) More ATP availability
(D) Increased calcium release
7. At very long sarcomere lengths, force decreases because:
(A) Fewer cross-bridges can form
(B) More cross-bridges form
(C) Calcium release is maximal
(D) ATP supply is high
8. The force-velocity relationship describes:
(A) How contraction velocity affects force production
(B) How muscle length affects joint angle
(C) How gravity affects force
(D) How tendons store elastic energy
9. In concentric contractions, as velocity increases, force:
(A) Decreases
(B) Increases
(C) Stays constant
(D) Doubles
10. In eccentric contractions, as velocity increases, force:
(A) Increases
(B) Decreases
(C) Stays constant
(D) Reduces to zero
11. The point of maximum power output occurs at:
(A) Moderate velocity of contraction
(B) Zero velocity
(C) Maximum shortening speed
(D) Maximum lengthening speed
12. The cross-bridge cycle is powered by:
(A) ATP hydrolysis
(B) Passive recoil of tendons
(C) Calcium storage
(D) Elastic components
13. The series elastic component (SEC) of muscle refers to:
(A) Tendons and connective tissue in series with contractile elements
(B) Sarcomere actin and myosin
(C) Parallel collagen fibers
(D) Muscle spindle
14. The parallel elastic component (PEC) refers to:
(A) Connective tissue parallel to muscle fibers
(B) Tendons in line with sarcomeres
(C) Actin and myosin filaments
(D) Neuromuscular junction
15. Which contraction produces the most force?
(A) Eccentric
(B) Concentric
(C) Isometric
(D) Passive
16. Which contraction produces the least force?
(A) Concentric
(B) Eccentric
(C) Isometric
(D) Passive stretch
17. Force production is directly proportional to:
(A) Physiological cross-sectional area of muscle
(B) Length of tendon
(C) Muscle spindle number
(D) Nerve conduction speed
18. Pennate muscles generally produce:
(A) Higher force, less ROM
(B) Lower force, more ROM
(C) More speed, less force
(D) No force advantage
19. Fusiform muscles generally produce:
(A) Greater ROM and velocity
(B) Higher force
(C) Less shortening
(D) No contraction
20. A muscle’s resting length corresponds to:
(A) Optimal overlap of actin and myosin filaments
(B) No overlap of actin and myosin
(C) Maximum passive tension
(D) Complete relaxation of ATP
21. The faster the concentric contraction, the:
(A) Lower the force
(B) Higher the force
(C) Same force as isometric
(D) Force remains zero
22. The faster the eccentric contraction, the:
(A) Higher the force
(B) Lower the force
(C) Same as isometric
(D) Equal to concentric
23. The plateau region of length-tension curve corresponds to:
(A) Optimal cross-bridge formation
(B) No overlap
(C) Passive stretching
(D) No active tension
24. The descending limb of the length-tension curve occurs when:
(A) Sarcomeres are too long
(B) Sarcomeres are too short
(C) Actin fully overlaps myosin
(D) Tendons recoil
25. Which factor does NOT affect muscle force production?
(A) Muscle fiber type
(B) Sarcomere length
(C) Cross-bridge availability
(D) Hair thickness
26. Isometric contractions occur at:
(A) Constant muscle length
(B) Constant velocity
(C) Constant acceleration
(D) Constant joint angle change
27. Force output of fast-twitch fibers compared to slow-twitch is:
(A) Higher
(B) Lower
(C) Same
(D) Zero
28. Which muscle fibers are more fatigue resistant?
(A) Type I (slow-twitch)
(B) Type IIb (fast-twitch glycolytic)
(C) Type IIx
(D) None
29. The Hill muscle model includes:
(A) Contractile, series elastic, parallel elastic components
(B) Tendons only
(C) Nerves and joints
(D) Blood and oxygen
30. Peak torque in isokinetic testing occurs at:
(A) Moderate velocities
(B) Zero velocity
(C) Maximum velocity
(D) Passive stretch
31. Passive insufficiency occurs when:
(A) A muscle is stretched across multiple joints, limiting motion
(B) A muscle contracts too quickly
(C) A tendon is too elastic
(D) The nervous system fatigues
32. Active insufficiency occurs when:
(A) A muscle shortens across two joints, reducing force
(B) A muscle lengthens maximally
(C) A muscle contracts eccentrically
(D) Passive tension dominates
33. The torque a muscle produces depends on:
(A) Muscle force × moment arm
(B) Fiber type × blood flow
(C) Tendon length × elasticity
(D) Nerve supply × capillaries
34. The angle of pull that produces maximal torque is usually:
(A) 90° to the bone
(B) 0°
(C) 180°
(D) 45°
35. In eccentric contractions, less:
(A) Energy (ATP) is required
(B) Force is produced
(C) Tension develops
(D) Elasticity is used
36. The “force-velocity curve” shifts with:
(A) Training and fiber type adaptation
(B) Hair growth
(C) Skin hydration
(D) Body temperature alone
37. Stretch-shortening cycle enhances force by:
(A) Storing elastic energy in tendons and muscle
(B) Reducing cross-bridges
(C) Slowing contraction
(D) Removing calcium
38. Which contraction type stores the most elastic energy?
(A) Eccentric
(B) Concentric
(C) Isometric
(D) Relaxation
39. Peak muscle power occurs at approximately what % of maximal shortening velocity?
(A) 30–40%
(B) 10%
(C) 90%
(D) 70%
40. Training at longer muscle lengths can:
(A) Increase strength across a greater ROM
(B) Reduce tendon stiffness
(C) Eliminate force production
(D) Stop neural input
41. Muscle fatigue generally shifts the force-velocity curve:
(A) Downward
(B) Upward
(C) To the right
(D) To the left
42. Optimal sarcomere length in humans is around:
(A) 2.0–2.2 micrometers
(B) 1.0 micrometer
(C) 4.0 micrometers
(D) 0.5 micrometer
43. Which training type increases eccentric strength most?
(A) Resistance training with slow lowering phase
(B) Pure isometric holds
(C) Aerobic exercise
(D) Sprinting
44. High velocity training improves primarily:
(A) Power output
(B) Endurance only
(C) Passive stiffness
(D) Isometric holding
45. Muscle power is defined as:
(A) Force × velocity
(B) Force ÷ velocity
(C) Velocity ÷ distance
(D) Torque × angle
46. The faster a muscle shortens concentrically, the:
(A) Lower the force production
(B) Greater the force production
(C) More cross-bridges form
(D) Passive tension dominates
47. A “flattened” length-tension curve indicates:
(A) Reduced contractile ability
(B) Increased ATP
(C) Stronger neural drive
(D) Enhanced elasticity
48. Which contributes most to passive tension?
(A) Connective tissue elasticity
(B) Cross-bridge cycling
(C) Neural input
(D) Calcium binding
49. At zero velocity, the force-velocity curve represents:
(A) Isometric contraction
(B) Passive tension only
(C) Maximum shortening speed
(D) Maximum eccentric force
50. The practical application of force-velocity principles is:
(A) Designing strength and power training programs
(B) Measuring lung capacity
(C) Testing cardiovascular fitness only
(D) Assessing digestion