chemical formula for glass normally used is Na₂O·CaO·6SiO₂.
Physical Properties of Glass
| Properties | Details |
| Appearance | Transparent or translucent solid |
| Color | Clear, colored, or opaque |
| Density | Relatively high |
| Electrical Conductivity | Non-conductive |
| Hardness | Relatively hard |
| Melting Point | High melting point |
| Thermal Conductivity | Low thermal conductivity |
| Transparency | Varies from transparent to opaque |
Chemical Properties of Glass
| Properties | Details |
| Ageing | May become cloudy or hazy with age |
| Chemical Resistance | Not affected by most chemicals |
| Corrosion | May undergo corrosion or dissolution in certain environments |
| Reactivity | May react with certain chemicals |
| Solubility | Insoluble in most solvents |
| Stability | Stable under normal conditions |
Reaction of glass with Alkaline Earth Metal
| Alkaline Earth Metal | | Reaction Equations |
| Beryllium (Be) | | no product formed |
| Magnesium (Mg) | | Mg + SiO2 react and convert into Mg2SiO4 |
| Calcium (Ca) | | Ca + SiO2 react and convert into CaSiO3 |
| Strontium (Sr) | | Sr + SiO2 react and convert into SrSiO3 |
| Barium (Ba) | | Ba + SiO2 react and convert into BaSiO3 |
| Radium (Ra) | | no product formed |
Reaction of glass with Transition Metal
| Transition Metal | | Equation |
| Scandium (Sc) | | no product formed |
| Titanium (Ti) | | Ti + SiO2 react and convert into TiO2 + Si |
| Vanadium (V) | | 2V + O2 react and convert into 2VO |
| Chromium (Cr) | | 2Cr + 3O2 react and convert into 2Cr2O3 |
| Manganese (Mn) | | 2Mn + 3O2 react and convert into 2MnO3 |
| Iron (Fe) | | 4Fe + 3O2 react and convert into 2Fe2O3 |
| Cobalt (Co) | | Co + O2 react and convert into CoO |
| Nickel (Ni) | | Ni + SiO2 react and convert into NiO + Si |
| Copper (Cu) | | 2Cu + O2 react and convert into 2CuO |
| Zinc (Zn) | | Zn + SiO2 react and convert into ZnO + Si |
| Yttrium (Y) | | no product formed |
| Zirconium (Zr) | | Zr + SiO2 react and convert into ZrO2 + Si |
| Niobium (Nb) | | no product formed |
| Molybdenum (Mo) | | Mo + 3O2 react and convert into MoO3 |
| Technetium (Tc) | | no product formed |
| Ruthenium (Ru) | | Ru + 3O2 react and convert into RuO3 |
| Rhodium (Rh) | | no product formed |
| Palladium (Pd) | | Pd + 3O2 react and convert into PdO2 |
| Silver (Ag) | | 2Ag + O2 react and convert into 2AgO |
| Cadmium (Cd) | | Cd + SiO2 react and convert into CdO + Si |
| Lanthanum (La) | | no product formed |
| Hafnium (Hf) | | |
Reaction of glass with Non-Transition Metal
| Non-Transition Metal | | Equation |
| Aluminum (Al) | | no product formed |
| Gallium (Ga) | | Ga + SiO2 react and convert into Ga2O3 + Si |
| Indium (In) | | no product formed |
| Tin (Sn) | | Sn + SiO2 react and convert into SnO2 + Si |
| Antimony (Sb) | | 2Sb + 3O2 react and convert into 2Sb2O3 |
| Tellurium (Te) | | Te + SiO2 react and convert into TeO2 + Si |
| Iodine (I) | | no product formed |
| Xenon (Xe) | | no product formed |
| Cesium (Cs) | | no product formed |
| Barium (Ba) | | no product formed |
| Lanthanum (La) | | La + SiO2 react and convert into La2O3 + Si |
| Cerium (Ce) | | no product formed |
| Praseodymium (Pr) | | Pr + SiO2 react and convert into Pr2O3 + Si |
| Neodymium (Nd) | | no product formed |
| Promethium (Pm) | | no product formed |
| Samarium (Sm) | | Sm + SiO2 react and convert into Sm2O3 + Si |
| Europium (Eu) | | no product formed |
| Gadolinium (Gd) | | Gd + SiO2 react and convert into Gd2O3 + Si |
| Terbium (Tb) | | no product formed |
| Dysprosium (Dy) | | Dy + SiO2 react and convert into Dy2O3 + Si |
| Holmium (Ho) | | no product formed |
| Erbium (Er) | | Er + SiO2 react and convert into Er2O3 + Si |
| Thulium (Tm) | | no product formed |
Reaction of glass with Alkali Metal
| Alkali Metal | | Equation |
| Lithium (Li) | | 4Li + SiO2 react and convert into 2Li2O + Li2SiO3 |
| Sodium (Na) | | 2Na + SiO2 react and convert into Na2O + Na2SiO3 |
| Potassium (K) | | 2K + SiO2 react and convert into K2O + K2SiO3 |
| Rubidium (Rb) | | 2Rb + SiO2 react and convert into Rb2O + Rb2SiO3 |
| Cesium (Cs) | | 2Cs + SiO2 react and convert into Cs2O + Cs2SiO3 |
| Francium (Fr) | | 2Fr + SiO2 react and convert into Fr2O + Fr2SiO3 |
Reaction of glass with Metalloid
| Metalloid | | Equation |
| Boron (B) | | no product formed |
| Silicon (Si) | | no product formed |
| Germanium (Ge) | | no product formed |
| Arsenic (As) | | As + SiO2 react and convert into As2O3 + Si |
| Antimony (Sb) | | 2Sb + 3 O2 react and convert into 2Sb2O3 |
| Tellurium (Te) | | Te + SiO2 react and convert into TeO2 + Si |
Reaction of glass with Non-Metal
| Non-Metal | | Equation |
| Hydrogen (H) | | no product formed |
| Carbon (C) | | no product formed |
| Nitrogen (N) | | no product formed |
| Oxygen (O) | | no product formed |
| Fluorine (F) | | no product formed |
| Phosphorus (P) | | 4P + 5 O2 react and convert into 2P2O5 |
| Sulfur (S) | | 2S + 3 O2 react and convert into 2SO3 |
| Chlorine (Cl) | | no product formed |
| Bromine (Br) | | 2Br + 3O2 react and convert into 2BrO3 |
| Iodine (I) | | no product formed |
Reaction of glass with Lanthanide
| Lanthanide | | Equation |
| Lanthanum (La) | | La + SiO2 react and convert into La2O3 + Si |
| Cerium (Ce) | | no product formed |
| Praseodymium (Pr) | | Pr + SiO2 react and convert into Pr2O3 + Si |
| Neodymium (Nd) | | no product formed |
| Promethium (Pm) | | no product formed |
| Samarium (Sm) | | Sm + SiO2 react and convert into Sm2O3 + Si |
| Europium (Eu) | | no product formed |
| Gadolinium (Gd) | | Gd + SiO2 react and convert into Gd2O3 + Si |
| Terbium (Tb) | | no product formed |
| Dysprosium (Dy) | | Dy + SiO2 react and convert into Dy2O3 + Si |
| Holmium (Ho) | | no product formed |
| Erbium (Er) | | Er + SiO2 react and convert into Er2O3 + Si |
| Thulium (Tm) | | no product formed |
| Ytterbium (Yb) | | Yb + SiO2 react and convert into Yb2O3 + Si |
| Lutetium (Lu) | | no product formed |
Reaction of glass with Actinide
| Actinide | | Equation |
| Actinium (Ac) | | no product formed |
| Thorium (Th) | | Th + SiO2 react and convert into ThO2 + Si |
| Protactinium (Pa) | | no product formed |
| Uranium (U) | | U + SiO2 react and convert into UO2 + Si |
| Neptunium (Np) | | no product formed |
| Plutonium (Pu) | | Pu + SiO2 react and convert into PuO2 + Si |
| Americium (Am) | | no product formed |
| Curium (Cm) | | Cm + SiO2 react and convert into CmO2 + Si |
| Berkelium (Bk) | | no product formed |
| Californium (Cf) | | Cf + SiO2 react and convert into CfO2 + Si |
| Einsteinium (Es) | | no product formed |
| Fermium (Fm) | | Fm + SiO2 react and convert into FmO2 + Si |
| Mendelevium (Md) | | no product formed |
| Nobelium (No) | | No + SiO2 react and convert into NoO2 + Si |
| Lawrencium (Lr) | | no product formed |
chemical formula of glass
chemical formula for glass normally used is Na₂O·CaO·6SiO₂.
Physical Properties of Glass
| Properties | Details |
| Appearance | Transparent or translucent solid |
| Color | Clear, colored, or opaque |
| Density | Relatively high |
| Electrical Conductivity | Non-conductive |
| Hardness | Relatively hard |
| Melting Point | High melting point |
| Thermal Conductivity | Low thermal conductivity |
| Transparency | Varies from transparent to opaque |
Chemical Properties of Glass
| Properties | Details |
| Ageing | May become cloudy or hazy with age |
| Chemical Resistance | Not affected by most chemicals |
| Corrosion | May undergo corrosion or dissolution in certain environments |
| Reactivity | May react with certain chemicals |
| Solubility | Insoluble in most solvents |
| Stability | Stable under normal conditions |
Reaction of glass with Alkaline Earth Metal
| Alkaline Earth Metal | | Reaction Equations |
| Beryllium (Be) | | no product formed |
| Magnesium (Mg) | | Mg + SiO2 react and convert into Mg2SiO4 |
| Calcium (Ca) | | Ca + SiO2 react and convert into CaSiO3 |
| Strontium (Sr) | | Sr + SiO2 react and convert into SrSiO3 |
| Barium (Ba) | | Ba + SiO2 react and convert into BaSiO3 |
| Radium (Ra) | | no product formed |
Reaction of glass with Transition Metal
| Transition Metal | | Equation |
| Scandium (Sc) | | no product formed |
| Titanium (Ti) | | Ti + SiO2 react and convert into TiO2 + Si |
| Vanadium (V) | | 2V + O2 react and convert into 2VO |
| Chromium (Cr) | | 2Cr + 3O2 react and convert into 2Cr2O3 |
| Manganese (Mn) | | 2Mn + 3O2 react and convert into 2MnO3 |
| Iron (Fe) | | 4Fe + 3O2 react and convert into 2Fe2O3 |
| Cobalt (Co) | | Co + O2 react and convert into CoO |
| Nickel (Ni) | | Ni + SiO2 react and convert into NiO + Si |
| Copper (Cu) | | 2Cu + O2 react and convert into 2CuO |
| Zinc (Zn) | | Zn + SiO2 react and convert into ZnO + Si |
| Yttrium (Y) | | no product formed |
| Zirconium (Zr) | | Zr + SiO2 react and convert into ZrO2 + Si |
| Niobium (Nb) | | no product formed |
| Molybdenum (Mo) | | Mo + 3O2 react and convert into MoO3 |
| Technetium (Tc) | | no product formed |
| Ruthenium (Ru) | | Ru + 3O2 react and convert into RuO3 |
| Rhodium (Rh) | | no product formed |
| Palladium (Pd) | | Pd + 3O2 react and convert into PdO2 |
| Silver (Ag) | | 2Ag + O2 react and convert into 2AgO |
| Cadmium (Cd) | | Cd + SiO2 react and convert into CdO + Si |
| Lanthanum (La) | | no product formed |
| Hafnium (Hf) | | |
Reaction of glass with Non-Transition Metal
| Non-Transition Metal | | Equation |
| Aluminum (Al) | | no product formed |
| Gallium (Ga) | | Ga + SiO2 react and convert into Ga2O3 + Si |
| Indium (In) | | no product formed |
| Tin (Sn) | | Sn + SiO2 react and convert into SnO2 + Si |
| Antimony (Sb) | | 2Sb + 3O2 react and convert into 2Sb2O3 |
| Tellurium (Te) | | Te + SiO2 react and convert into TeO2 + Si |
| Iodine (I) | | no product formed |
| Xenon (Xe) | | no product formed |
| Cesium (Cs) | | no product formed |
| Barium (Ba) | | no product formed |
| Lanthanum (La) | | La + SiO2 react and convert into La2O3 + Si |
| Cerium (Ce) | | no product formed |
| Praseodymium (Pr) | | Pr + SiO2 react and convert into Pr2O3 + Si |
| Neodymium (Nd) | | no product formed |
| Promethium (Pm) | | no product formed |
| Samarium (Sm) | | Sm + SiO2 react and convert into Sm2O3 + Si |
| Europium (Eu) | | no product formed |
| Gadolinium (Gd) | | Gd + SiO2 react and convert into Gd2O3 + Si |
| Terbium (Tb) | | no product formed |
| Dysprosium (Dy) | | Dy + SiO2 react and convert into Dy2O3 + Si |
| Holmium (Ho) | | no product formed |
| Erbium (Er) | | Er + SiO2 react and convert into Er2O3 + Si |
| Thulium (Tm) | | no product formed |
Reaction of glass with Alkali Metal
| Alkali Metal | | Equation |
| Lithium (Li) | | 4Li + SiO2 react and convert into 2Li2O + Li2SiO3 |
| Sodium (Na) | | 2Na + SiO2 react and convert into Na2O + Na2SiO3 |
| Potassium (K) | | 2K + SiO2 react and convert into K2O + K2SiO3 |
| Rubidium (Rb) | | 2Rb + SiO2 react and convert into Rb2O + Rb2SiO3 |
| Cesium (Cs) | | 2Cs + SiO2 react and convert into Cs2O + Cs2SiO3 |
| Francium (Fr) | | 2Fr + SiO2 react and convert into Fr2O + Fr2SiO3 |
Reaction of glass with Metalloid
| Metalloid | | Equation |
| Boron (B) | | no product formed |
| Silicon (Si) | | no product formed |
| Germanium (Ge) | | no product formed |
| Arsenic (As) | | As + SiO2 react and convert into As2O3 + Si |
| Antimony (Sb) | | 2Sb + 3 O2 react and convert into 2Sb2O3 |
| Tellurium (Te) | | Te + SiO2 react and convert into TeO2 + Si |
Reaction of glass with Non-Metal
| Non-Metal | | Equation |
| Hydrogen (H) | | no product formed |
| Carbon (C) | | no product formed |
| Nitrogen (N) | | no product formed |
| Oxygen (O) | | no product formed |
| Fluorine (F) | | no product formed |
| Phosphorus (P) | | 4P + 5 O2 react and convert into 2P2O5 |
| Sulfur (S) | | 2S + 3 O2 react and convert into 2SO3 |
| Chlorine (Cl) | | no product formed |
| Bromine (Br) | | 2Br + 3O2 react and convert into 2BrO3 |
| Iodine (I) | | no product formed |
Reaction of glass with Lanthanide
| Lanthanide | | Equation |
| Lanthanum (La) | | La + SiO2 react and convert into La2O3 + Si |
| Cerium (Ce) | | no product formed |
| Praseodymium (Pr) | | Pr + SiO2 react and convert into Pr2O3 + Si |
| Neodymium (Nd) | | no product formed |
| Promethium (Pm) | | no product formed |
| Samarium (Sm) | | Sm + SiO2 react and convert into Sm2O3 + Si |
| Europium (Eu) | | no product formed |
| Gadolinium (Gd) | | Gd + SiO2 react and convert into Gd2O3 + Si |
| Terbium (Tb) | | no product formed |
| Dysprosium (Dy) | | Dy + SiO2 react and convert into Dy2O3 + Si |
| Holmium (Ho) | | no product formed |
| Erbium (Er) | | Er + SiO2 react and convert into Er2O3 + Si |
| Thulium (Tm) | | no product formed |
| Ytterbium (Yb) | | Yb + SiO2 react and convert into Yb2O3 + Si |
| Lutetium (Lu) | | no product formed |
Reaction of glass with Actinide
| Actinide | | Equation |
| Actinium (Ac) | | no product formed |
| Thorium (Th) | | Th + SiO2 react and convert into ThO2 + Si |
| Protactinium (Pa) | | no product formed |
| Uranium (U) | | U + SiO2 react and convert into UO2 + Si |
| Neptunium (Np) | | no product formed |
| Plutonium (Pu) | | Pu + SiO2 react and convert into PuO2 + Si |
| Americium (Am) | | no product formed |
| Curium (Cm) | | Cm + SiO2 react and convert into CmO2 + Si |
| Berkelium (Bk) | | no product formed |
| Californium (Cf) | | Cf + SiO2 react and convert into CfO2 + Si |
| Einsteinium (Es) | | no product formed |
| Fermium (Fm) | | Fm + SiO2 react and convert into FmO2 + Si |
| Mendelevium (Md) | | no product formed |
| Nobelium (No) | | No + SiO2 react and convert into NoO2 + Si |
| Lawrencium (Lr) | | no product formed |
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