1. The center of gravity (COG) in the anatomical position of an adult is located approximately at:
(A) Sacral level S2
(B) Lumbar level L4
(C) Thoracic level T12
(D) Coccyx
2. Stability increases when the base of support is:
(A) Narrow
(B) Wide
(C) Pointed
(D) Small
3. Lowering the center of gravity generally makes the body:
(A) Less stable
(B) More stable
(C) Unstable
(D) Neutral
4. Which factor does not affect stability?
(A) Height of COG
(B) Size of base of support
(C) Weight of the body
(D) Color of clothing
5. In order to maintain balance, the line of gravity must fall:
(A) Outside the base of support
(B) Within the base of support
(C) Parallel to the ground
(D) Behind the support
6. When a person leans forward, the COG shifts:
(A) Forward
(B) Backward
(C) Upward
(D) Downward
7. A wider stance improves:
(A) Flexibility
(B) Stability
(C) Strength
(D) Endurance
8. The higher the COG, the body becomes:
(A) More stable
(B) Less stable
(C) Equally stable
(D) Independent of stability
9. In sports, wrestlers maintain stability by:
(A) Keeping feet together
(B) Lowering their COG and widening stance
(C) Standing on tiptoes
(D) Closing their eyes
10. Which body position has the lowest COG?
(A) Standing
(B) Sitting
(C) Squatting
(D) Lying supine
11. The line of gravity in the human body is an imaginary line passing through:
(A) Center of mass
(B) Base of support
(C) Knee joint
(D) Elbow joint
12. Stability is greatest when COG is located:
(A) Near the head
(B) Near the ground
(C) At the midpoint of the body
(D) Outside the base
13. In a standing position, shifting weight onto one leg causes COG to move:
(A) Toward the supporting leg
(B) Away from the supporting leg
(C) Upward
(D) Backward
14. What happens when the line of gravity falls outside the base of support?
(A) Stability increases
(B) The body topples
(C) The body relaxes
(D) No change occurs
15. Which factor contributes to dynamic stability?
(A) Speed of movement
(B) COG height only
(C) Weight only
(D) Color of shoes
16. The COG in a child compared to an adult is generally:
(A) Lower
(B) Higher
(C) Same
(D) Non-existent
17. Standing with feet apart provides:
(A) Narrow base of support
(B) Wide base of support
(C) No support
(D) Instability
18. Stability is best defined as:
(A) Resistance to change in equilibrium
(B) Speed of movement
(C) Flexibility of joints
(D) Muscle strength
19. An acrobat on a tightrope maintains stability by:
(A) Raising COG
(B) Spreading arms to increase base of support
(C) Closing eyes
(D) Jumping
20. In biomechanics, equilibrium means:
(A) COG is outside base of support
(B) COG is within base of support
(C) Continuous falling
(D) Leaning
21. The point of application of gravitational force is called:
(A) Base of support
(B) Center of gravity
(C) Line of pull
(D) Axis
22. When carrying a heavy load on one side, stability can be improved by:
(A) Shifting COG toward load
(B) Shifting COG away from load
(C) Jumping
(D) Reducing stance
23. A broad-based stance in elderly patients helps in:
(A) Reducing pain
(B) Increasing stability
(C) Increasing speed
(D) Increasing COG
24. The COG of a perfectly symmetrical object lies:
(A) At its base
(B) At its center
(C) Outside the object
(D) At the top
25. When standing on one leg, balance depends on:
(A) COG being over that foot
(B) COG being outside base
(C) Lowering body weight
(D) Eye closure
26. A moving vehicle provides a good example of:
(A) Static stability
(B) Dynamic stability
(C) Neutral stability
(D) None
27. Which activity lowers the COG the most?
(A) Standing erect
(B) Sitting on chair
(C) Kneeling
(D) Lying down
28. The wider the base of support, the line of gravity:
(A) Has more area to fall within
(B) Always falls outside
(C) Shifts upward
(D) Becomes irrelevant
29. In yoga, many postures emphasize:
(A) Raising COG
(B) Lowering COG and widening base
(C) Instability
(D) Narrow base
30. When COG coincides with base of support, the body is in:
(A) Maximum stability
(B) Minimum stability
(C) Neutral stability
(D) No stability
31. The higher the body mass, the greater the:
(A) Stability
(B) Inertia
(C) Instability
(D) Flexibility
32. Standing on one leg is an example of:
(A) Wide base support
(B) Narrow base support
(C) Maximum stability
(D) None
33. Which of the following increases balance during walking?
(A) Smaller steps
(B) Wider steps
(C) Standing still
(D) Closing eyes
34. In biomechanics, stability is classified as:
(A) Static and dynamic
(B) Neutral and positive only
(C) Rotational only
(D) None
35. The higher the COG, the greater the risk of:
(A) Falling
(B) Stability
(C) Equilibrium
(D) Balance
36. Carrying a backpack shifts COG:
(A) Forward
(B) Backward
(C) Sideways
(D) Downward
37. A gymnast spreads arms during balancing to:
(A) Raise COG
(B) Increase moment of inertia
(C) Decrease base of support
(D) Lose balance
38. Which position is least stable?
(A) Standing on two legs
(B) Standing on one leg
(C) Squatting
(D) Sitting
39. When jumping, stability is temporarily:
(A) Increased
(B) Decreased
(C) Constant
(D) Not affected
40. For a stable object, the line of gravity must:
(A) Fall outside support
(B) Fall inside support
(C) Be horizontal
(D) Be parallel to ground
41. The main biomechanical factor determining stability is:
(A) COG position relative to base
(B) Speed of movement
(C) Joint flexibility
(D) Muscle size
42. A tightrope walker uses a pole to:
(A) Lower COG
(B) Increase base of support
(C) Shift line of gravity
(D) All of the above
43. Stability is lowest when COG is:
(A) High and near edge of base
(B) Low and centered
(C) Low and wide
(D) At base
44. Which principle is applied in designing wheelchairs for stability?
(A) Lowering COG
(B) Narrowing base
(C) Raising COG
(D) Reducing base
45. The line of gravity shifts during walking to maintain:
(A) Flexibility
(B) Dynamic equilibrium
(C) Static balance
(D) Instability
46. In military stance (heels together), stability is:
(A) High
(B) Low
(C) Maximum
(D) Neutral
47. A person leaning against a wall increases stability by:
(A) Increasing base of support
(B) Raising COG
(C) Reducing base
(D) Removing support
48. Which has a higher COG?
(A) Adult male
(B) Adult female
(C) Child
(D) Elderly person
49. Balance training in physiotherapy focuses on:
(A) COG control
(B) Muscle endurance
(C) Flexibility only
(D) Weight gain
50. The concept of stability is most important in:
(A) Sports
(B) Physiotherapy rehabilitation
(C) Ergonomics
(D) All of the above