1. According to Jere Brophy (1987), motivation to learn is developed mainly through:
(A) High-stakes examinations
(B) Independent learning only
(C) Punishments for mistakes
(D) Modeling, communication of expectations, and socialization
2. Children develop positive attitudes toward learning when parents:
(A) Discourage questions
(B) Limit exploration
(C) Encourage curiosity and exploration
(D) Focus only on grades
3. Children raised with a strong sense of self-worth and autonomy are more likely to:
(A) Avoid academic risks
(B) Take on learning challenges confidently
(C) Fear failure excessively
(D) Ignore feedback
4. Children’s beliefs about their school success and failure are shaped after:
(A) Only at home
(B) They start school
(C) During adolescence only
(D) After secondary education
5. The sources to which students attribute success and failure may include all except:
(A) Effort
(B) Luck
(C) Ability
(D) Classroom furniture
6. Teachers’ expectations influence student learning because students generally:
(A) Learn only if given rewards
(B) Expect to learn when teachers expect them to learn
(C) Do not care about teachers’ expectations
(D) Only learn through peer pressure
7. Developmental changes show that younger children:
(A) Often maintain high expectations despite repeated failure
(B) Give up easily
(C) Believe effort is pointless
(D) Always avoid challenges
8. Older children see effort as a “double-edged sword” because:
(A) They dislike working hard
(B) High effort followed by failure affects their self-concept of ability
(C) They only value easy tasks
(D) They believe effort guarantees success
9. According to Carol Ames, tasks given to students affect motivation based on:
(A) Task length only
(B) Interest and value of the task
(C) Number of students completing it
(D) Teacher’s handwriting
10. Students are more motivated when they are given:
(A) No freedom in choosing tasks
(B) Complete freedom with no structure
(C) Balanced autonomy with guided choices
(D) Strictly teacher-selected assignments
11. Students should be recognized for:
(A) Being better than others
(B) Improving on their personal best
(C) Finishing work fastest
(D) Competing aggressively
12. Grouping practices that involve cooperation often lead to:
(A) Lower motivation
(B) Higher achievement, especially for low-ability students
(C) Increased competition only
(D) Reduced peer interaction
13. Competitive evaluation and grading typically shift students’ focus toward:
(A) Mastery goals
(B) Creative thinking
(C) Performance goals
(D) Self-evaluation
14. To discourage students from working “just to get grades,” teachers should:
(A) Emphasize grades more
(B) De-emphasize grades and emphasize learning
(C) Increase penalties for poor work
(D) Focus only on comparisons among students
15. An effective way to help struggling students is to:
(A) Ignore their difficulties
(B) Increase the difficulty of tasks
(C) Teach them learning strategies step by step
(D) Reduce teacher support gradually