AMP full form in biology
- In biology, AMP stands for Adenosine Monophosphate.
- Its IUPAC name is 5′-Adenylic acid
- It is composed of three main components:
-
-
- A nucleobase, adenine
- Ribose sugar
- Single phosphate group
-
Production and degradation of AMP:
Production:
- Enzyme: Adenylate Kinase
- Reaction: ADP + ADP ⇌ AMP + ATP
- Hydrolysis of ATP
- Reaction: ATP + H₂O → AMP + PPᵢ (inorganic pyrophosphate)
Degradation of AMP:
- Enzyme: 5′-Nucleotidase
- Reaction: AMP + H₂O → Adenosine + Pᵢ (inorganic phosphate
| Property
|
Description
|
| Full form of AMP
|
· Adenosine Monophosphate
|
| Structure | · Adenine base
· Ribose sugar · Phosphate group |
| Cellular Location
|
· Found in the cytoplasm and various cellular compartments |
| Synthesis
|
· Synthesized within cells through various enzymatic reactions |
| Molecular Formula
|
· C10H14N5O7P |
| Molecular Weight
|
· 347.22 g/mol |
| Density
|
· 2.32 g/mL |
| Solubility
|
· Soluble in water |
| Acidity (pKa values)
|
· Phosphate group pKa values: 1.0, 2.0, and 6.6 |
| Stability
|
· Stable under normal physiological conditions |
| Role in Cellular Processes
|
· Precursor for ADP and ATP
· Participates in cellular signaling and regulation · Involved in energy metabolism |
| Role in Cellular
Signaling
|
· Acts as a secondary messenger in signal transduction pathways |
| Energy Storage and
Transfer
|
· Serves as a low-energy form in the energy transfer processes |
| Building block of nucleic Acid
|
· A component used to synthesize RNA during transcription |
| Role as a substrate
|
· Substrate for various enzymes involved in cellular processes |
A comparison between AMP,ADP,ATP
| Molecule | AMP | ADP | ATP |
| Full form | Adenosine monophosphate | Adenosine diphosphate | Adenosine triphosphate |
| Structure | Adenine + ribose + 1 phosphate | Adenine + ribose + 2 phosphates | Adenine + ribose + 3 phosphates |
| Molecular Formula | C10H14N5O7P | C10H15N5O10P2 | C10H16N5O13P3 |
| Energy level | Low energy | Intermediate energy | High energy |
| Energy Storage/Transfer | Not a primary energy carrier | Stores and transfers energy | Primary energy carrier in the cells |
| Role | Precursor for ADP and ATP | Participates in cellular energy metabolism
Acts as an energy carrier |
Supplies energy for cellular processes
Muscle contractions, biosynthesis process |
| Phosphate Bonds | One phosphate bond | Two phosphate bonds | Three phosphate bonds |
| Cellular Function | Acts as a signaling molecule and participates in RNA synthesis | Involved in coupling exergonic reactions to endergonic reactions | Serves as an energy currency in the cells |
| Hydrolysis | Hydrolyzed to form ADP | Hydrolyzes to AMP | Hydrolyzes to ADP or AMP depending on the reaction |
A comparison between AMP and cAMP:
| Property | AMP | cAMP |
| Full form | Adenosine Monophosphate | Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate |
| Chemical Formula | C10H14N5O7P | C10H12N5O6P |
| Formation
|
Addition of a phosphate group to adenosine by a kinase enzyme | Formed by the action of Adenylate cyclase which converts AMP to cAMP |
| Role in Cellular Signaling | Acts as a secondary messenger in some of the signaling pathways in the cells | Acts as a secondary messenger in many of the signaling pathways of cells |
| Role as Second Messenger | Not considered a second messenger | one of the most important second messengers in cellular signaling |
| Function in Signaling | Participates in various cellular processes as a precursor to ADP and ATP | Amplifies intracellular signals and
mediates responses to hormones and stimuli |
| Intracellular Target | May act on different intracellular targets depending on the pathway | Activates Protein Kinase A (PKA), which triggers downstream signaling events |
| Action on Cellular Processes | Has a regulatory role in some metabolic pathways and signal transduction pathways | Regulates gene expression
Metabolism Cell growth and differentiation |
| Regulation by Phosphodiesterase | Degradation by
Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) |
Rapidly degraded by Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) to terminate its signaling effects |
| Action time | Generally, short-lived signaling effects | Usually has a more prolonged signaling effect due to its resistance to degradation |
| Examples
|
Present in cellular energy metabolism and nucleic acid synthesis | Plays important role in various signaling pathways |