1. In mixed acid-base disorders, which test can help determine if multiple disturbances are present?
(A) Serum glucose test
(B) Arterial blood gas analysis
(C) Urinalysis
(D) Complete blood count
2. In which condition is the compensation mechanism typically an increased production of ketones?
(A) Metabolic alkalosis
(B) Respiratory alkalosis
(C) Metabolic acidosis
(D) Respiratory acidosis
3. In which condition would you expect to find a high arterial pH and low levels of carbon dioxide?
(A) Respiratory acidosis
(B) Metabolic alkalosis
(C) Metabolic acidosis
(D) Respiratory alkalosis
4. What compensatory mechanism occurs in response to chronic respiratory acidosis?
(A) Decreased renal production of bicarbonate
(B) Decreased respiratory rate
(C) Increased renal excretion of hydrogen ions
(D) Increased blood pH
5. What is the normal range for arterial blood pH in a healthy individual?
(A) 7.25-7.35
(B) 7.55-7.65
(C) 7.45-7.55
(D) 7.35-7.45
6. What is the primary buffering system in the extracellular fluid?
(A) Protein buffer system
(B) Bicarbonate buffer system
(C) Hemoglobin buffer system
(D) Phosphate buffer system
7. What is the primary compensatory mechanism for metabolic acidosis?
(A) Decreased respiratory rate
(B) Increased respiratory rate
(C) Increased renal excretion of hydrogen ions
(D) Decreased renal reabsorption of bicarbonate
8. What is the primary function of the kidneys in acid-base balance?
(A) Regulate the rate of breathing
(B) Excrete or reabsorb hydrogen ions and bicarbonate
(C) Produce digestive enzymes
(D) Control heart rate
9. What is the primary role of bicarbonate (HCO3⁻) in the blood?
(A) To aid in the digestion of fats
(B) To facilitate oxygen transport
(C) To regulate blood glucose levels
(D) To act as a buffer and maintain pH balance
10. Which blood gas finding is consistent with acute respiratory alkalosis?
(A) Decreased pH and decreased pCO2
(B) Increased pH and decreased pCO2
(C) Increased pH and increased pCO2
(D) Decreased pH and increased pCO2
11. Which condition is characterized by a decreased arterial blood pH and a decreased bicarbonate level?
(A) Respiratory alkalosis
(B) Metabolic alkalosis
(C) Respiratory acidosis
(D) Metabolic acidosis
12. Which condition is characterized by an excess of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood leading to a decrease in pH?
(A) Metabolic alkalosis
(B) Respiratory acidosis
(C) Metabolic acidosis
(D) Respiratory alkalosis
13. Which condition is indicated by elevated blood pH and elevated bicarbonate levels?
(A) Respiratory acidosis
(B) Metabolic acidosis
(C) Metabolic alkalosis
(D) Respiratory alkalosis
14. Which of the following is a common cause of metabolic alkalosis?
(A) Vomiting
(B) Renal failure
(C) Chronic diarrhea
(D) Lactic acidosis
15. Which parameter is most useful for differentiating between respiratory and metabolic acid-base disorders?
(A) Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2)
(B) Serum sodium level
(C) Arterial blood pH
(D) Serum potassium level